<h1> AC Power Connectors </h1> <p> AC power connector is an interface device for transmitting alternating current. The direction and magnitude of the current change periodically over time. The waveform is usually a sine curve with a frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz. It is mainly responsible for making a safe and stable electrical connection between the power supply and the device. Common types include two-hole, three-hole, and five-hole sockets, which are widely used in home, industrial, and outdoor scenes. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> ‌1. What is the Basic Structure of AC Power Connectors？‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Contact Parts‌</strong>: responsible for conducting electricity, usually made of copper alloy, ensuring low resistance and high current carrying capacity. </p> <p> <strong>‌Insulator‌</strong>: isolates contacts of different polarities, and usually uses plastic or ceramic materials to ensure electrical safety. </p> <p> <strong>‌Casing‌</strong>: provides mechanical protection and fixing functions, and the materials include metal (high-temperature resistance) or engineering plastic (lightweight). </p> <p>   </p> <h2> ‌2. What are the Types of AC Power Connectors?‌ </h2> <h3> 1) ‌By Voltage/Current Level‌: </h3> <p> ‌<strong>Low voltage type‌ (≤250V)</strong>: suitable for small devices such as home appliances and computers. </p> <p> <strong>‌High voltage type‌ (>250V)</strong>: used in high-power scenes such as industrial equipment and medical instruments. </p> <h3> 2) ‌By Connection Form‌: </h3> <p> <strong>‌Plug-in type‌</strong>: Commonly used in household appliances, easy to plug and unplug quickly (such as IEC 60320 standard interface). </p> <p> <strong>‌Fixed type‌</strong>: Used in industrial equipment, fixed by screws or welding to enhance reliability. </p> <h3> 3) ‌By Application Standard‌: </h3> <p> <strong>‌International Standard‌</strong>: Such as IEC 60320 in Europe and NEMA series in the United States. </p> <p> <strong>‌Chinese Standard‌</strong>: GB/T series, adapted to domestic voltage and socket specifications. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> ‌3. What are the Key Performance Parameters‌ of AC Power Connectors? </h2> <h3> 1) ‌Electrical Performance‌: </h3> <p> <strong>‌Rated Voltage/Current‌</strong>: Common 220V/10A or 110V/16A, need to match equipment requirements. </p> <p> <strong>‌Insulation Resistance‌</strong>: Usually requires ≥100MΩ to prevent leakage risks. </p> <h3> 2) ‌Mechanical Properties‌: </h3> <p> <strong>‌Plug-in Life‌</strong>: High-quality connectors can withstand thousands of plug-ins (such as IEC standards up to 5000 times). </p> <p> <strong>‌Contact Retention‌</strong>: Ensure stable contact after plugging and avoid looseness and power failure. </p> <h3> 3) ‌Environmental Adaptability‌: </h3> <p> <strong>‌Temperature Range‌</strong>: -55℃~125℃, suitable for different working environments. </p> <p> <strong>‌Protection Level‌</strong>: Some models support IP67/IP68 dust and water resistance, suitable for outdoor or humid environments. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> ‌4. What are AC Power Connectors Used for?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Consumer Electronics‌</strong>: Such as power interfaces of TVs, speakers, and laptops. </p> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Equipment‌</strong>: High-voltage power supply systems of electric forklifts, medical instruments, and communication base stations. </p> <p> <strong>‌New Energy Field‌</strong>: Power transmission of solar inverters and electric vehicle charging piles. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> ‌5. Selection Recommendations for AC Power Connectors‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Matching Standards‌</strong>: Prioritize electrical standards that meet the location of the equipment (such as IEC, NEMA, or GB/T). </p> <p> <strong>‌Material Selection‌</strong>: Metal casings are recommended for high-current scenarios to enhance heat dissipation and mechanical strength. </p> <p> <strong>‌Certification Requirements‌</strong>: Pay attention to safety certifications such as UL and CE to ensure product compliance. </p> <p>   </p> <p> Through reasonable selection and standardized installation, AC power connectors can significantly improve the power supply safety and operating stability of the equipment and are an indispensable basic component in electrical systems. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 6. AC Power Connectors FAQs </h2> <h3> ‌1) What is the difference between AC and DC power connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌AC (Alternating Current)</strong>: Voltage changes periodically (e.g. 220V/50Hz), suitable for long-distance power transmission and most household appliances (e.g. refrigerators, TVs, etc.). </p> <p> <strong>‌DC (Direct Current)</strong>: Current direction is constant, common in chargers, and electronic devices (e.g. mobile phones, laptops). </p> <p> <strong>‌Marking Differences‌</strong>: AC sockets usually indicate voltage and current limits (e.g. 250V 10A), while DC sockets are common in low-voltage devices. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) What are the rated parameters of AC power connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Voltage‌</strong>: The mainstream is 220V (110V in some countries/regions). </p> <p> <strong>‌Current‌</strong>: 10A or 16A is commonly used, and exceeding the rated value may cause fire risks. </p> <p> <strong>‌Temperature Range‌</strong>: Some industrial-grade sockets support -40℃ to 85℃ environments. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> ‌3) What are the materials and production processes of AC power connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Material‌</strong>: The shell is mostly made of plastic (lightweight, insulating) or metal (durable, pressure-resistant), and the contact parts use copper alloy to reduce resistance. </p> <p> <strong>‌Process‌</strong>: Injection molding (shell), stamping (conductive parts), and casting (metal shell) are the mainstream technologies. </p> <p> <strong>‌Protection Performance‌</strong>: High-end sockets have IP dust and water resistance ratings and are suitable for outdoor or industrial environments. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> ‌4) How to use AC power connectors safely? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Avoid Overload‌</strong>: Make sure that the power of the appliance does not exceed the current limit of the socket (such as a 10A socket corresponding to ≤2200W equipment). </p> <p> <strong>‌Grounding Protection‌</strong>: Three-hole sockets reduce the risk of leakage through the grounding wire. </p> <p> <strong>‌Regular Inspection‌</strong>: Plugs/sockets that are worn or have poor contact need to be replaced in time. </p> <p>

<h1> Backplane Connectors </h1> <p> As a key component in the field of electronic components, backplane connectors play the core circuit connection and signal transmission functions in complex electronic devices. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. What are Backplane Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> Backplane connectors are vertical structure connectors used to connect daughter cards to backplanes, usually in a 90-degree orthogonal layout to achieve high-speed signal transmission between circuit boards. Its core functions include: </p> <p>   </p> <p> ‌High-speed Signal Transmission‌: Supports differential signal or single-end signal transmission, with a rate of up to 25 Gbps to 224 Gbps; </p> <p>   </p> <p> ‌High Current Carrying‌: Provides stable power support for high-performance servers, communication equipment, etc.; </p> <p>   </p> <p> ‌Modular Expansion‌: Simplifies the complexity of the internal layout of equipment through flexible structural design (such as board-to-board, board-to-cable, etc.). </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Types of Backplane Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> Backplane connectors are mainly divided into four categories according to their structure: </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌180° board-to-board (Backplane)</strong>: suitable for high-density connection scenarios; </p> <p>   </p> <p> ‌<strong>90° orthogonal board-to-board (Orthogonal)</strong>: saves space and is often used in compact devices; </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Board-to-Cable</strong>: connects circuit boards with external cables; </p> <p> <strong>‌Cable-to-Cable</strong>: directly connects two cables. </p> <p>   </p> <p> Some special scenarios also support ‌floating installation‌ design, allowing ±0.2mm displacement to meet blind plug requirements. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. ‌Technology Evolution and Industry Standards of Backplane Connectors‌ </h2> <p> With the surge in bandwidth demand for AI servers and data centers, the transmission rate of backplane connectors continues to break through: </p> <p> <strong>‌Rate Development‌</strong>: International leading manufacturers (such as Amphenol and Molex) have mass-produced 224Gbps products, supporting 67GHz bandwidth; </p> <p> <strong>‌Technical Solution‌</strong>: Use PAM4 modulation technology to optimize signal integrity, and reduce PCB routing loss through near-chip installation (Near-chip) or overpass on chip bridging (Overpass on chip); </p> <p> <strong>‌Industry Standards‌</strong>: Although there is a lack of unified specifications, Amphenol's technical parameters are often used as an industry reference. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. What are Backplane Connectors Used for?‌ </h2> <p> Backplane connectors are widely used in scenarios with strict requirements on stability and transmission efficiency: </p> <p> <strong>‌AI Servers and Supercomputing‌</strong>: support massive data interaction between GPU clusters; </p> <p> <strong>‌Communication Base Stations and Industrial Equipment‌</strong>: ensure the reliability of high-speed signal transmission; </p> <p> <strong>‌High-end Storage Systems‌</strong>: achieve multi-module collaborative operation. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. What are the ‌Installation Methods of Backplane Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> Depending on the equipment requirements, a variety of installation options can be used: </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Fixed Installation‌</strong>: fixed to the panel by screws (front/back installation); </p> <p> <strong>‌Printed Board Installation‌</strong>: directly integrated into the PCB board; </p> <p> <strong>‌Crimp Installation‌</strong>: use fisheye terminals to achieve conductive connection. </p> <p>   </p> <p> As the "super artery" of data transmission, the high-frequency performance and structural design of the backplane connector continue to promote the evolution of electronic devices to higher integration and efficiency. With the popularization of AI and cloud computing technologies, its market size is expected to maintain rapid growth. </p> <p>

<h1> Banana and Tip Connectors </h1> <h2> 1. What are Banana and Tip Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> Banana and Tip Connectors are electronic connectors that are used for quick plugging and unplugging. Its core consists of two parts: </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Banana Plug‌</strong>: A cylindrical metal plug that achieves close contact with the jack through an elastic reed structure. It is often used in high-precision electrical connection scenarios such as audio equipment and test instruments. </p> <p> <strong>‌Tip Connector‌</strong>: It adopts a sharp metal contact design and is suitable for low-voltage signal transmission or power connection. It is commonly used in laboratory instruments and industrial control equipment. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the ‌Core Features of Banana and Tip Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Electrical Performance‌</strong>: The rated current can reach 30A and the voltage supports 500V, which is suitable for high-power or high-precision signal transmission requirements. </p> <p> <strong>‌Mechanical Performance‌</strong>: Long plug-in life, stable contact retention, and supports wire connection with a wire diameter range of 12AWG (about 3.3mm²). </p> <p> <strong>‌Environmental Adaptability‌</strong>: The contacts are nickel-plated and have corrosion resistance. They can be used for a long time in industrial environments or high-humidity conditions. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are Banana and Tip Connectors Used for?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Test and Measurement‌</strong>: Probe interface for oscilloscopes, signal generators, and other equipment to achieve fast calibration and signal transmission. </p> <p> <strong>‌Audio System‌</strong>: Connect amplifiers and speakers, support oxygen-free copper wire to achieve high-fidelity audio signal transmission. </p> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Control‌</strong>: As a quick connection solution for sensors and power modules, simplify the equipment maintenance process. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. ‌Technical Parameters Example of Banana and Tip Connectors‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Contact Material‌</strong>: Brass substrate + nickel plating (improve conductivity and oxidation resistance). </p> <p> <strong>‌Compatible Standards‌</strong>: Comply with Binding Post interface specifications, suitable for mainstream test instruments and audio equipment. </p> <p> <strong>‌Installation Method‌</strong>: Supports welding, crimping, or screw fixing, suitable for different cable types. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. ‌Selection Recommendations for Banana and Tip Connectors‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Power Matching‌</strong>: Select the corresponding specifications (such as 30A/500V model) according to the current/voltage requirements. </p> <p> <strong>‌Environmental Factors‌</strong>: Fully sealed or gold-plated contact models are preferred in highly corrosive environments. </p> <p> <strong>‌Interface compatibility‌</strong>: Confirm that the plug diameter (such as a 4mm standard banana plug) matches the target socket. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 6. ‌Market Representative Models of Banana and Tip Connectors‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Pomona 6883‌</strong>: Nickel-plated brass, suitable for laboratory and industrial scenarios. </p> <p> <strong>‌Cinch 105-1041-001‌</strong>: Designed for high-frequency signals, supporting audio equipment, and test instruments. </p> <p>   </p> <p> This type of connector has become a basic component in the fields of electronic testing, audio engineering, and industrial automation due to its reliability and flexibility. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>Banana and Tip Connectors FAQs</strong> </p> <h3> 1) ‌What are the common types of Banana connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Insulated Type‌</strong>: The metal part is completely wrapped in insulating material (such as high-end multimeter probes). </p> <p> <strong>‌Non-insulated Type‌</strong>: The metal part is exposed, suitable for quick connection test scenarios. </p> <p> <strong>‌High-voltage Type‌</strong>: Made of Delrin material or metal shielding design, supports up to 15kV voltage. </p> <p> <strong>‌Compatible Type‌</strong>: Some models can be adapted to 6mm diameter cables, supporting the expansion of multiple devices. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) What is the difference between Banana Connectors and Tip Connectors? </h3> <p> Tip Connectors usually refer to tip or coaxial connectors (such as BNC and LEMO), while Banana Connectors are mainly single-lead designs. The two are significantly different in shielding performance, voltage carrying capacity, and application areas. </p> <p>

<h1> Barrel Connectors </h1> <p> Barrel Connectors are common power connection components in electronic devices, mainly used for stable power transmission between DC power supply and devices. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. Barrel Connectors Overview </h2> <p> Barrel Connectors consist of a pair of cylindrical metal connectors, including a plug (male) and a socket (female). The center of the plug is a protruding pin, and the socket is a center hole, which realizes circuit conduction through physical plugging. In the Chinese classification, it belongs to a type of rectangular connector, but in actual applications, it is more reflected in the cylindrical structure design. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What is the Core Structure of Barrel Connectors? </h2> <p> ‌<strong>Physical Connection Design</strong>‌ </p> <p> The plug and the socket are matched through the center pin and hole to ensure the stability of power transmission; the external materials are mostly metal or plastic, taking into account both structural strength and electrical insulation. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Polarity Identification‌</strong> </p> <p> Polarity is usually marked by positive and negative symbols, arrows, or color coding to prevent device damage or power failure caused by reverse plugging. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Specification Diversity‌</strong> </p> <p> Supports a variety of diameters, lengths, and power specifications to adapt to the power requirements of different devices. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are Barrel Connectors Used for? </h2> <p> <strong>‌Electronic Equipment Power Supply‌</strong>: such as routers, surveillance cameras, etc., connected to a DC power supply through an adapter. </p> <p> <strong>‌Household Appliances‌</strong>: Some small household appliances use this type of interface to simplify power supply design. </p> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Equipment‌</strong>: Suitable for communication and control modules that require stable DC input. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. Industry Positioning and Technology Extension of Barrel Connectors </h2> <p> <strong>‌Commonality of Connector Functions‌</strong> </p> <p> As a "bridge" between circuits, Barrel Connectors meet the core function of connectors: establishing a separable conduction path between isolated circuits to improve equipment assembly and maintenance efficiency. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Technology Development Trend‌</strong> </p> <p> Although the evolution direction of Barrel Connectors is not directly mentioned, the connector industry as a whole tends to be miniaturized, high-density, and high-reliability design, and such characteristics may gradually penetrate into the field of power connectors. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. Comparison with Other Connectors </h2> <p> <strong>‌With board-to-board Connectors‌</strong>: The latter focuses on signal transmission between circuit boards, while Barrel Connectors focus on power transmission. </p> <p> <strong>‌With high-frequency/RF Connectors‌</strong>: High-frequency types (such as SMA and BNC) focus on signal integrity, while Barrel Connectors emphasize current carrying capacity. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>Barrel Connectors FAQs</strong> </p> <h3> 1) How to ensure the correct polarity connection of Barrel Connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> Correct polarity can avoid device damage or power failure. Barrel Connectors usually identify polarity in the following ways: </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Physical Markings‌</strong>: positive and negative symbols, polarity arrows, or color coding. </p> <p> <strong>‌Internal Structure‌</strong>: Some models prevent incorrect plugging through the tip, sleeve, or middle ring design. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) What are the common specifications and sizes of Barrel Connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Diameter‌</strong>: Common specifications include 2.1mm, 2.5mm, 3.5mm, etc., to adapt to the power requirements of different devices. </p> <p> <strong>‌Contact Type‌</strong>: It is divided into mono (TS, 2-core) and stereo (TRS, 3-core) structures, the latter supports more complex switching functions. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3) Are there any alternative technologies for Barrel Connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> USB-C has gradually become an alternative to Barrel Connectors due to its high power transmission (supporting USB PD 3.0 standard) and data compatibility. For example: </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌EZ-PD™ BCR Series‌</strong>: supports 5V to 3A power supply, integrated MCU controller, and customizable power supply protocol. </p> <p> <strong>‌Versatility‌</strong>: The USB-C interface is more popular in the field of consumer electronics and has higher compatibility. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 4) How does the internal structure of the Barrel Connector affect the function? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌TS Plug‌</strong>: Contains only the tip and sleeve, used for mono power transmission, and some contain normally closed/normally open switches. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌TRS Plug‌</strong>: Adds an intermediate ring (Ring) to support stereo signals or multi-way switch control. </p> <p>   </p> <p> Different structures can meet the specific needs of the device for power management or signal transmission. </p> <p>

<h1> Between Series Adapters </h1> <p> Between series adapters provide hardware-based conversion from one type of common connector to another and may include special features such as backshells, insulation, dust and water seals, mounting flanges, and grounding leads. Adaptor end connector types include banana, binding post, F connector, DIN, BNC, circular, rectangular, D-sub, DVI MagSafe, phone jack and plugs, telephone, stereo, phono (RCA), ring, RJ45, SFP, snap, socket, spade, USB, terminal block, and XLR. </p> <p>

<h1> Blade Type Power Connectors </h1> <h2> ‌1. What are Blade Type Power Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> Blade Type Power Connectors are components that achieve electrical connection through elastic contact between metal blades and sockets. Its core structure includes metal blades (male end) and female end sockets with elastic reeds. </p> <p> <strong>‌Contact Mechanism‌</strong>: Use spring force or material deformation to generate 10-50N contact pressure. The contact surface is often plated with tin, gold, or silver to reduce resistance and prevent oxidation. </p> <p> <strong>‌Parallel Design‌</strong>: Multiple blades in parallel can share current load (such as a single blade carries 10A, and a combination of multiple blades supports up to 500A). </p> <p>   </p> <h2> ‌2. What are the Core Performance Parameters of Blade Type Power Connectors?‌ </h2> <table> <tbody> <tr class="firstRow"> <td width="108" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Parameter </p> </td> <td width="183" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Typical Range/Characteristic </p> </td> <td width="277" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Description </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="108" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌Rated Current </p> </td> <td width="183" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> 10A-500A </p> </td> <td width="277" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> High temperature models can support 600V/14A </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="108" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌Rated Voltage </p> </td> <td width="183" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> 50V-1000V DC/AC </p> </td> <td width="277" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> High-temperature insulation material has excellent voltage resistance </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="108" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌Contact Resistance </p> </td> <td width="183" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> 0.1mΩ-5mΩ </p> </td> <td width="277" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Determined by the plating material and contact pressure </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="108" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌Insulation Resistance </p> </td> <td width="183" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ≥100MΩ（500VDC） </p> </td> <td width="277" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> PA66 and other materials have a dielectric strength of 20kV/mm </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:23px"> <td width="108" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌Plug-in Life </p> </td> <td width="183" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> 50-10,000 times </p> </td> <td width="277" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Gold-plated contact life exceeds 5000 times </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="108" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌Working Temperature </p> </td> <td width="183" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> -40℃~150℃ </p> </td> <td width="277" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> High-temperature models are suitable for harsh industrial environments </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>   </p> <h2> ‌3. What are the Functional Design Advantages of Blade Type Power Connectors?‌‌ </h2> <p> <strong>1) ‌Efficient Heat Dissipation‌</strong>: Double-row structure reduces insertion force and optimizes heat dissipation. </p> <p> <strong>2) ‌Anti-mismatch Design‌</strong>: Shell polarity identification and terminal grooves prevent mis-insertion. </p> <p> <strong>3) ‌Diversified Installation‌</strong>: Supports straight-in and right-angle types, and optional embedded mounting ears enhance panel fixation. </p> <p> <strong>4) ‌High Reliability‌</strong>: </p> <p> <strong>‌Terminal Positioner (TPA)</strong>: Ensures that the wire is fully inserted; </p> <p> <strong>‌Friction/Forced Lock</strong>: Enhances mating retention. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> ‌4. What are Blade Type Power Connectors Used for?‌‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Equipment‌</strong>: High current transmission of automated production lines and power equipment (such as 65A-150A models). </p> <p> <strong>‌Consumer Electronics‌</strong>: Power distribution of home appliances (air conditioners, ovens, refrigerators), meeting IEC60335-1 safety standards. </p> <p> <strong>‌New Energy Field‌</strong>: Battery terminal modules (such as 30A-6A specifications) and high-power device interconnection. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> ‌5. Typical Product Examples‌ of Blade Type Power Connectors‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌9397 Series‌</strong>: Supports 90A current, provides right-angle (9397-1P06S25B7SAA01) and plug-in (9397-2P06S25B7PAA01) models. </p> <p> <strong>‌Molex Versa Blade‌</strong>: Supports 600V/14A high-temperature applications, and meets European Glow-Wire safety standards. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 6. Development Trend of Blade Type Power Connectors‌ </h2> <p> Combined with the demand for high power density, future designs will focus more on the following: </p> <p> <strong>‌Miniaturization‌</strong>: Improving the current carrying capacity per unit volume; </p> <p> <strong>‌Intelligence‌</strong>: Integrating temperature/current monitoring functions; </p> <p> <strong>‌Environmentally Friendly Materials‌</strong>: Using halogen-free, recyclable insulation materials. </p>

<h1> Card Edge Connectors </h1> <p>   </p> <p> Card Edge Connectors are a type of electronic components specifically used for edge connection of printed circuit boards (PCBs), which achieve electrical connection through metal contacts and gold fingers on the edge of the PCB. With its modular design and high reliability, Card Edge Connectors are widely used in computer, communication, medical, and industrial equipment fields, and are key components in PCB interconnection scenarios. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. What are Card Edge Connectors? </h2> <h3> 1) ‌Composition ‌ </h3> <p> It consists of an insulating base and a metal insert. The insert is usually made of narrow and long metal strips and plated to improve conductivity and corrosion resistance. </p> <p>   </p> <p> The edge of the PCB needs to be specially designed to fit the insert, and the insert maintains stable contact with the socket through elastic force. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) ‌Working Principle ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Insertion Alignment</strong>: The conductive traces on the edge of the PCB are precisely aligned with the connector contacts. </p> <p> <strong>‌Contact Retention</strong>: The metal contacts form a reliable electrical connection and fix the PCB by a lock or clip. </p> <p> <strong>‌Signal Transmission</strong>: It supports electrical signal and power transmission and is suitable for high-speed data transmission scenarios (such as 64 Gbps PAM4). </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Main Types of Card Edge Connectors? </h2> <h3> 1) ‌Classification by Function‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌PCI Card Edge Connector‌</strong>: used to connect computer expansion cards (such as graphics cards and network cards) to the motherboard. </p> <p> <strong>‌High-power Connector‌</strong>: supports a current range of 5.2A to 46A, suitable for redundant power modules and industrial equipment (such as TE Connectivity products). </p> <p> <strong>‌High-speed Connector‌</strong>: 0.60 mm pitch design to meet the high-speed signal requirements of data centers and communication equipment. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) ‌Classification by Application Scenario‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Consumer Electronics‌</strong>: SIM card connector, mobile phone battery interface. </p> <p> <strong>‌Industrial and Medical‌</strong>: supports stable connection in high vibration and harsh environments (such as medical instruments and remote radio units). </p> <p> <strong>‌Embedded System‌</strong>: interconnection of internal circuit boards of industrial automation and control equipment. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are the Key Parameters of Card Edge Connectors? </h2> <p> <strong>‌Electrical Performance‌</strong>: current capacity (such as 3400W rated power), contact resistance (0.7-10 milliohms). </p> <p> <strong>‌Mechanical Design‌</strong>: plug spacing (0.5-2.00 mm), arrangement (vertical/right angle/edge installation). </p> <p> <strong>‌Environmental Adaptability‌</strong>: Corrosion-resistant coating and locking mechanism ensure contact reliability after multiple plugging and unplugging. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. Industry Standards and Certifications of Card Edge Connectors </h2> <p> Some models are UL and TUV certified and comply with CRPS (common redundant power supply) interface specifications. </p> <p>   </p> <p> Standard products cover 10 to 300 contact configurations and support different PCB layer and thickness requirements. </p>

<h1> Circular Connectors‌ </h1> <h2> 1. What are Circular Connectors? </h2> <p> A circular connector is an electrical interconnect device with a cylindrical shell design. It is mainly used for signal, power and data transmission between devices, components or systems. It is an indispensable key component in complex industrial and electronic systems. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>Its core features include</strong>: </p> <p> <strong>‌Solid Structure‌</strong>: The cylindrical design provides higher mechanical strength and excellent vibration and impact resistance; </p> <p> <strong>‌Protection Performance‌</strong>: Most models support IP67/IP68 protection level and withstand harsh environments (such as high temperature, humidity, and dust); </p> <p> <strong>‌Separability‌</strong>: Supports quick plugging and unplugging, which is convenient for equipment maintenance and upgrading. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Core Components of Circular Connectors? </h2> <p> The typical structure of a circular connector includes the following key components: </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Contacts‌</strong>: Made of copper alloy, the plating (such as gold and nickel) improves conductivity and corrosion resistance and is divided into Pin and Socket. </p> <p> <strong>‌Insulator‌</strong>: Fixes the contacts and ensures electrical isolation. The material is usually high-temperature-resistant plastic or ceramic. </p> <p> <strong>‌Shell‌</strong>: </p> <p> Metal or engineering plastic material provides mechanical protection and alignment functions, some models are equipped with locking mechanisms (such as threaded coupling). </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Accessories‌</strong>: </p> <p> Sealing rings, cable clamps, keyways, etc., to enhance environmental adaptability and installation stability. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are Circular Connectors Used for? </h2> <p> The reliability of circular connectors makes them widely used in the following scenarios: </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Automation‌</strong>: signal and power connection of sensors, motors, and PLC equipment; </p> <p> <strong>‌Aerospace and Military‌</strong>: high-reliability requirements in extreme environments, such as interconnection of aircraft internal systems; </p> <p> <strong>‌Medical Equipment‌</strong>: stable transmission of precision instruments such as high-frequency machines and monitors; </p> <p> <strong>‌Transportation‌</strong>: connection of train control systems and on-board electronic equipment. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. What are the Types of Circular Connectors? </h2> <h3> 1) ‌Classification by Function‌: </h3> <p> <strong>‌Signal Transmission Type‌</strong>: low current, high-density contacts, suitable for data communication; </p> <p> <strong>‌Power Transmission Type‌</strong>: high current contacts, used for power distribution. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) ‌Classification ‌by Protection Level‌: </h3> <p> Standard type (IP40), sealed type (IP68), explosion-proof type; </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3) ‌Classification ‌by Installation Method‌: </h3> <p> Panel installation, direct cable connection, PCB welding, etc. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. What are the Advantages of Circular Connectors? </h2> <p> <strong>‌Environmental Adaptability‌</strong>: corrosion-resistant, vibration-resistant, and can work stably in the temperature range of -25°C to 90°C; </p> <p> <strong>‌Multi-function Integration‌</strong>: supports mixed signal (power + data) transmission, reducing wiring complexity; </p> <p> <strong>‌Standardized Design‌</strong>: complies with international standards such as DIN and MIL, and has strong compatibility. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 6. Circular Connectors FAQs </h2> <h3> 1)‌How do you choose suitable circular connector accessories? ‌ </h3> <p> Accessories need to be matched according to cable specifications. For example, FJA, FJC, FJD, and other series of cable accessories can adapt to different wire diameters and shielding requirements. In industrial applications, multi-brand compatible solutions are provided by platforms such as Mouser, Amphenol, TE Connectivity, etc. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2)‌What are the international/industry standards for circular connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> Domestic products follow GJB2889 and the Ministry of Electronics Industry standard SJ1744-81; international products may comply with DIN standards (such as circular DIN connectors) or general industrial specifications (such as IP ratings and IEC standards). </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3)‌What is the protection performance of industrial circular connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> High-end industrial models (such as Phoenix Contact M17-M40 PRO series) support IP67 and above protection levels, are suitable for dusty and humid environments, and can resist vibration and shock up to 196 m/s² (20g) acceleration. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 4) What are the quick installation technologies for circular connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> Some models use the "Oneclick quick locking system" to prompt the correct locking position through sound and tactile feedback. For example, Phoenix Contact's M12 push-pull self-locking connector supports tool-free installation and is suitable for space-constrained scenarios. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 5) What are the electrical performance parameters of circular connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>Typical parameters include</strong>: </p> <p> <strong>‌Current‌</strong>: Rated values range from 1A to hundreds of amperes (depending on the model); </p> <p> <strong>‌Voltage‌</strong>: Low-voltage signal transmission to kilovolt-level power transmission; ‌Mechanical life‌:  ≥1000 plug-in and unplug cycles. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 6) How to obtain customized circular connector solutions? ‌ </h3> <p> Some manufacturers (such as Phoenix Contact) provide modular systems that support PCB embedded installation or flexible interface customization, suitable for personalized electronic device integration. </p> <p>

<h1> Coaxial Connectors (RF) </h1> <p> RF Coaxial Connectors are key components for RF/microwave signal transmission. They use coaxial structures to achieve efficient electrical connection and separation between devices or within systems. Its core function is to ensure the stability of high-frequency signal transmission while reducing signal loss and electromagnetic interference. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. Coaxial Connectors (RF) Overview </h2> <p> <strong>‌Basic Structure‌</strong>: It consists of an inner conductor (transmission signal), an outer conductor (shielding layer), an insulating medium (electrical isolation), and a shell (mechanical protection); </p> <p> <strong>‌Impedance Matching‌</strong>: It is usually designed to be 50Ω (communication equipment) or 75Ω (video equipment) to reduce signal reflection; </p> <p> <strong>‌Coaxial Advantages‌</strong>: The coaxial design of the cylindrical inner and outer conductors effectively suppresses electromagnetic leakage and external interference. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. Development History of Coaxial Connectors (RF) </h2> <p> <strong>Origin</strong>: The first UHF connector was born in 1930, suitable for low-frequency signal transmission; </p> <p> <strong>Military Promotion</strong>: During World War II, radar and communication needs gave rise to medium-sized series such as N, BNC, and TNC; </p> <p> <strong>Miniaturization and Standardization</strong>: </p> <p> After 1958, miniaturized products such as SMA and SMB appeared; the MIL-C-39012 standard was formulated in 1964 to promote the global standardization process; </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>Modern Development</strong>: Gradually formed an independent professional system and evolved towards high frequency and high reliability. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are the Types of Coaxial Connectors (RF)? </h2> <table> <tbody> <tr class="firstRow"> <td width="78" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> ‌Type </p> </td> <td width="247" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Features‌ </p> </td> <td width="243" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Application Scenarios </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="78" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌BNC </p> </td> <td width="247" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> snap-on quick connection, supports frequent plugging and unplugging </p> </td> <td width="243" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Instruments, video surveillance, computer interconnection </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="78" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌SMA </p> </td> <td width="247" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p>  threaded connection, excellent high-frequency performance (up to 40GHz) </p> </td> <td width="243" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Wireless communication, satellite communication, microwave equipment </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:36px"> <td width="78" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌N Type </p> </td> <td width="247" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> High power carrying capacity, strong reliability </p> </td> <td width="243" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Base station, radar system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="78" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Board-to-board </p> </td> <td width="247" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Compact design, suitable for miniaturized equipment </p> </td> <td width="243" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Distributed base stations, medical equipment, industrial automation </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. Technical Characteristics and Challenges of Coaxial Connectors (RF) </h2> <p> <strong>‌Key Performance‌</strong>: </p> <p> Frequency range (MHz to GHz level); </p> <p> Standing wave ratio (VSWR) and insertion loss control; </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Industry Difficulties‌</strong>: </p> <p> Mechatronics design needs to balance mechanical strength and high-frequency performance; </p> <p> Alignment accuracy and assembly difficulty challenges brought by miniaturization; </p> <p> Complex failure mode analysis under high-reliability requirements. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. Industry status and trends of Coaxial Connectors (RF) </h2> <p> <strong>‌Global Pattern‌</strong>: The United States, Britain, France, and other countries are leading in standard setting and material technology, forming a complete industrial chain; </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Future Direction‌</strong>: Evolution to higher frequency bands (millimeter waves), low-loss materials, and automated assembly technology. </p>

<h1> Contacts </h1> <p> ‌Contacts‌ in electronic components are the core components of connectors, which are mainly responsible for realizing the conduction function of electrical connection and are indispensable basic components in modern electronic devices. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. What is the ‌Basic Structure of Contacts?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>1) ‌Material Composition‌</strong>: Contacts are usually made of highly conductive metal materials, such as copper alloys, gold/silver plating, etc., to ensure low resistance and high reliability. </p> <p> <strong>2) ‌Morphological Design‌</strong>: According to different application scenarios, contacts can be divided into: </p> <p> <strong>‌Terminal‌</strong>: Fixed end for wire crimping or welding. </p> <p> <strong>‌Pin‌</strong>: Active end that cooperates with the socket to form a pluggable connection. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the ‌Functional Characteristics of Contacts?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Signal Transmission‌</strong>: Conducting circuits through physical contact to transmit electrical signals or electrical energy. </p> <p> <strong>‌Current Carrying‌</strong>: Need to meet specific current capacity requirements, commonly seen in power interfaces or high-power device connections. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are the ‌Technical Key Points of Contacts?‌ </h2> <p> ‌<strong>Plating Process‌</strong>: Surface plating (such as gold plating, and nickel plating) can improve corrosion resistance and contact stability. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Elastic Design‌</strong>: Some contacts adopt a reed structure to ensure contact pressure and durability during plugging and unplugging. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. What are the Types of Contacts?‌ </h2> <table> <tbody> <tr class="firstRow"> <td width="100" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Type </p> </td> <td width="234" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Typical Application Scenarios </p> </td> <td width="234" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Features </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Power Terminal </p> </td> <td width="234" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Power adapter, industrial equipment power supply interface </p> </td> <td width="234" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> High current carrying, high-temperature resistance </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Signal Pin </p> </td> <td width="234" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Data cable, PCB board connector </p> </td> <td width="234" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> High-frequency signal transmission, low impedance requirements </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Elastic Contact Piece </p> </td> <td width="234" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> SIM card slot, battery contact </p> </td> <td width="234" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Miniaturization, high plug-in life </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>   </h2> <h2> 5. What is the Failure Mode of Contacts? </h2> <p> <strong>Oxidation/Contamination</strong>: Oxidation of the contact surface or adhesion of foreign matter leads to increased resistance. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>Mechanical Fatigue</strong>: Frequent plugging and unplugging causes deformation or breakage of elastic elements. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 6. What are Contacts Used for? </h2> <p> Widely used in consumer electronics (such as mobile phones and computers), automotive electronics, industrial control equipment and communication base stations. </p> <p>   </p> <p>

<h1> D-Sub, D-Shaped Connectors </h1> <p> D-Sub (D-shaped) connector is a classic electronic interconnection solution, and its name comes from the unique D-shaped metal shield profile. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. D-Sub, D-Shaped Connectors Overview </h2> <p> <strong>‌Full Name‌</strong>: D-Subminiature Connector, first created by ITT Cannon in the United States in the 1950s. </p> <p> <strong>‌Appearance Features‌</strong>: The shell is in the shape of the letter "D", and the mechanical anti-misinsertion function is achieved through asymmetric design. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What is the Core Structure of D-Sub, D-Shaped Connectors? </h2> <p> <strong>‌Shell Material‌</strong>: The metal shell provides electromagnetic shielding and mechanical protection, and some models use plastic shells to reduce costs. </p> <p> <strong>‌Contact Design‌</strong>: It includes two types: male head (pins) and female head (holes), supporting differential signal transmission to reduce electromagnetic interference. </p> <p> <strong>‌Pin Density‌</strong>: It was known for its ultra-small size in the early days, and now high-density models have been developed to meet complex wiring needs. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. Technology Evolution of D-Sub, D-Shaped Connectors </h2> <p> <strong>‌First Generation (1960s)</strong>‌ </p> <p> The double-layer protection structure (metal shell + plastic body) adapts to the harsh environment of aviation and military fields. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Second Generation (mid-1980s)</strong>‌ </p> <p> Stamping technology replaced lathe processing, significantly reducing manufacturing costs and promoting the popularization of computer peripherals. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Third Generation (1990s to Present)</strong>‌ </p> <p> The simplified structure is a single-layer shell, and the models are expanded to DA/DB/DC series to meet the needs of industrial control and medical equipment. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. Specifications and Applications of D-Sub, D-Shaped Connectors </h2> <table> <tbody> <tr class="firstRow"> <td width="100" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Category </p> </td> <td width="172" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Typical Specifications </p> </td> <td width="296" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Main Application Scenarios </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:28px"> <td width="100" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Standard </p> </td> <td width="172" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> 9-pin, 15-pin, 25-pin </p> </td> <td width="296" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> RS-232 serial port, VGA video interface </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> High-density </p> </td> <td width="172" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> 37-pin and above </p> </td> <td width="296" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Industrial automation, high-speed data transmission </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Hybrid </p> </td> <td width="172" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> High-low frequency composite design </p> </td> <td width="296" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Aerospace equipment, precision instruments </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. What are the Key Advantages of D-Sub, D-Shaped Connectors? </h2> <p> <strong>‌Stability‌</strong>: Gold-plated contacts and a multi-point grounding design ensure signal integrity. </p> <p> <strong>‌Compatibility‌</strong>: Standardized interfaces support cross-generation device interconnection. </p> <p> <strong>‌Durability‌</strong>: It can withstand more than 500 plug-in and unplug cycles, suitable for frequent maintenance scenarios. </p> <p>   </p> <p> With its modular design, this connector continues to play a key role in industrial control, medical equipment, and communication infrastructure. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 6. D-Sub, D-Shaped Connectors FAQs </h2> <h3> ‌1) What is the origin of the name D-Sub? ‌ </h3> <p> D-Sub stands for "D-Subminiature" and is named for its unique D-shaped shielding cover design. In the early days, it was called an "ultra-miniature" connector because of its miniaturization. Although the volume advantage is no longer prominent, the D-shaped structure still effectively prevents mis-insertion. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) What are the main application areas of D-Sub connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Computer and Communication Equipment‌</strong>: such as VGA interface, serial port; </p> <p> <strong>‌Industrial and Military‌</strong>: vibration-resistant design is suitable for aerospace and defense equipment; </p> <p> <strong>‌Power and Signal Transmission‌</strong>: supports analog, digital, and power signals. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> ‌3) What is the difference between high-density D-Sub and standard D-Sub? ‌ </h3> <p> High-density D-Sub increases the pin density under the same shell size (such as DB25 shell can accommodate a higher number of pins), which is suitable for compact space requirements, while the standard version has a sparser pin arrangement. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> ‌4) How does D-Sub achieve electromagnetic interference (EMI) protection? ‌ </h3> <p> Through metal shell shielding and additional EMI filtering design (such as a Pi-type adapter), it is suitable for sensitive electronic environments. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> ‌5) What are the typical installation methods of D-Sub connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Board End Installation‌</strong>: welding or direct plug-in PCB installation; ‌ </p> <p> <strong>Cable Assembly‌</strong>: injection molding (non-removable) and assembly (removable metal/plastic back shell); ‌ </p> <p> <strong>Screw Fixing‌</strong>: ensure a stable connection to prevent accidental detachment. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> ‌6) What are the special uses of combined D-Sub connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> Combined D-Sub integrates different types of interfaces (such as power + signal) in the same shell, reducing the complexity of the wiring harness and reducing the risk of signal interference. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> ‌7) What scenarios are micro D-Sub (Micro-D) suitable for? ‌ </h3> <p> Designed for extreme environments (such as aerospace equipment), it is smaller and has a wide temperature range (-55°C to 125°C), suitable for high-density electronic devices. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> ‌8) How does the material selection of the D-Sub connector affect its performance? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Metal Housing‌</strong>: Improves shielding and mechanical strength; </p> <p> <strong>‌Lightweight Aluminum Backshell‌</strong>: For aerospace scenarios where weight reduction is required; </p> <p> <strong>‌Plastic Insulator‌</strong>: Balances cost and basic protection needs. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> ‌9) How is the maintenance and reliability of D-Sub connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> The pin and socket contact design supports on-site repairs, and the metal structure ensures long life (especially in vibration environments). Some models have a protection level of IP68 and are suitable for humid or dusty environments. </p> <p>

<h1> FFC, FPC (Flat Flexible) Connectors </h1> <p> FFC/FPC (Flat Flexible) connectors are interconnection components designed for flexible flat cables (FFC) and flexible printed circuit boards (FPC), playing a key role in the miniaturization and high-density integration of electronic devices. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. What are FFC, FPC (Flat Flexible) Connectors? </h2> <h3> 1) Definition </h3> <p> <strong>FFC Connector</strong>: used to connect ribbon flat flexible cables (FFC) to PCBs or other components, usually with a high-density narrow design to fit into small spaces. </p> <p> <strong>‌FPC Connector</strong>: designed for flexible circuit boards (FPCs), one end is fixed to the PCB by SMT soldering, and the other end is plugged into the FPC, with a built-in locking device to ensure contact reliability. </p> <p>   </p> <p> Both are made of PET insulating material or polyimide as the base material, and are made by the tinned copper wire pressing or printing process. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) Core Structure </h3> <p> Includes copper foil substrate (electrolytic copper/rolled copper), cover film (insulating layer), adhesive, and reinforcement plate (to enhance mechanical strength), etc. </p> <p>   </p> <p> FPC connectors must meet strict coplanarity requirements (≤0.10mm) to ensure welding quality. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Advantages of FFC, FPC (Flat Flexible) Connectors? </h2> <p> <strong>‌Flexibility</strong>‌ </p> <p> Supports bending and folding, adapts to complex spatial layout, and bending radius control can extend service life. </p> <p> <strong>‌High density and lightweight</strong>‌ </p> <p> Flat design realizes multi-wire integration, reduces volume and weight, and is suitable for lightweight needs such as mobile devices. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Reliability</strong>‌ </p> <p> Excellent vibration and impact resistance, and the locking structure enhances plug-in stability. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Signal integrity</strong>‌ </p> <p> Optimize conductor spacing and shielding design to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI). </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are FFC, FPC (Flat Flexible) Connectors Used for? </h2> <table> <tbody> <tr class="firstRow"> <td width="165" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> ‌Field </p> </td> <td width="403" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Application scenario </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:28px"> <td width="165" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Consumer electronics </p> </td> <td width="403" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Smartphone display connection, camera module, wearable device internal wiring </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:29px"> <td width="165" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Automotive electronics </p> </td> <td width="403" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Car navigation system, sensor signal transmission, and entertainment equipment interconnection </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:31px"> <td width="165" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Industrial and medical equipment </p> </td> <td width="403" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Precision instrument control board connection, medical monitoring equipment data transmission </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:30px"> <td width="165" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Computer and peripherals </p> </td> <td width="403" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Printer head and motherboard connection, laptop internal high-speed signal transmission </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. Design and Use Precautions for FFC, FPC (Flat Flexible) Connectors </h2> <p> <strong>‌Installation Process‌</strong> </p> <p> FFC mostly uses plug-in connectors for easy maintenance; FPC requires precision welding, and the coplanarity of solder joints needs to be controlled. </p> <p>   </p> <p> The welding temperature needs to be adapted to the heat resistance of the material (e.g., polyimide can withstand higher temperatures). </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Parameter Matching‌</strong> </p> <p> The conductor pitch (Pitch) is commonly 0.3mm and 0.5mm, which needs to be selected according to the signal frequency. </p> <p>   </p> <p> The total length (TL), margin (M), etc., need to meet the equipment space limitations. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Durability Design‌</strong> </p> <p> Avoid excessive bending (the recommended minimum bending radius is ≥3 times the thickness of the cable). </p> <p>   </p> <p> The plug-in life needs to meet the application scenario requirements (e.g., industrial equipment needs ≥10,000 times). </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. The Difference between FFC and FPC Connectors </h2> <table> <tbody> <tr class="firstRow"> <td width="98" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> ‌Features </p> </td> <td width="236" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> FFC Connector </p> </td> <td width="234" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> FPC Connector </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="98" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Structural Complexity </p> </td> <td width="236" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Simple parallel conductor arrangement, single-layer insulation </p> </td> <td width="234" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Multi-layer printed circuit, including shielding layer and reinforcement board </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:39px"> <td width="98" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Cost </p> </td> <td width="236" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Low, suitable for mass production </p> </td> <td width="234" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> High, adapt to complex circuit requirements </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:34px"> <td width="98" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Typical Applications </p> </td> <td width="236" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Printers, home appliance signal transmission </p> </td> <td width="234" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> High-frequency signal equipment (such as camera modules) </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>   </p> <p> FFC/FPC connectors have become one of the core components of miniaturization and high performance of modern electronic devices through their unique flexible design and adaptability. </p> <p>

<h1> Fiber Optic Connectors </h1> <h2> 1. Fiber Optic Connectors Overview‌ </h2> <p> A fiber optic connector is a precision component used for detachable connection between optical fibers. It realizes stable transmission of optical signals through physical contact or adapters. Its core function is to reduce optical loss and ensure high-precision alignment of the butt end faces. Its design relies on the principle of total reflection of light, uses high-precision materials such as ceramic pins to ensure the matching of the fiber end faces, and cooperates with the adapter through mechanical structures such as a plug-in and thread locking. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Main Types of Fiber Optic Connectors?‌ </h2> <h3> 1)‌FC (Ferrule Connector)‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Structure</strong>‌: round metal/ceramic ferrule, fastened with thread. </p> <p> <strong>‌Scenario</strong>‌: Suitable for telecommunications equipment and single-mode optical fiber, with high stability but low plug-in efficiency. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2)‌SC (Subscriber Connector)‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Structure</strong>‌: square push-pull plastic housing, no rotation required. </p> <p> <strong>‌Scenario</strong>‌: Common in local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN), easy to plug and unplug, and suitable for high-density installation. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3)‌ST (Straight Tip)‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Structure</strong>‌: bayonet locking, round metal ferrule. </p> <p> <strong>‌Scenario</strong>‌: Mostly used in multimode fiber distribution frames, with strong pressure resistance but large size. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 4)‌LC (Lucent Connector)‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Structure</strong>‌: Narrow square design, push-pull operation. </p> <p> <strong>‌Scenario</strong>‌: High-density network equipment (such as data centers), only half the size of SC, saving space. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 5)‌MT-RJ/MTP‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Structure‌</strong>: Multi-core integrated design, supporting 12/24-core optical fibers. </p> <p> ‌Scenario‌: Hyperscale data centers and high-speed parallel optical modules. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are the ‌Key Performance Parameters of Fiber Optic Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Insertion Loss‌ (IL)</strong>: Measures the power attenuation of the optical signal after passing through the connector, usually required to be less than 0.3 dB. </p> <p> <strong>‌Return Loss‌ (RL)</strong>: The ability to suppress reflected light power, single-mode connectors must be ≥40 dB. </p> <p> <strong>‌Repeatability‌</strong>: The stability of performance after multiple plugging and unplugging depends on the wear resistance and structural design of the ceramic pin. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. What are Fiber Optic Connectors Used for?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Communication Network</strong>‌: Including telecommunication backbone network, metropolitan area network, and fiber interconnection of 5G base stations. </p> <p> <strong>‌Data Center</strong>‌: High-density LC/MTP connectors support high-speed data transmission between servers and switches. </p> <p> <strong>‌Industrial and Military</strong>‌: High-temperature and vibration-resistant reinforced connectors (such as ST) are required in harsh environments. </p> <p> <strong>‌Consumer Electronics</strong>‌: Driven by VCSEL technology, fiber connectors are gradually applied to 3D sensing and short-distance optical interconnection. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. ‌Technology Development Trend of Fiber Optic Connectors‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌High Density‌</strong>: Miniaturized interfaces such as LC and MTP have become mainstream, supporting the demand for 400G/800G optical modules. </p> <p> <strong>‌Low-loss Process</strong>‌: APC (oblique 8° end face polishing) technology improves return loss performance and adapts to long-distance transmission. </p> <p> <strong>‌Intelligent Integration‌</strong>: Optical-electrical hybrid connectors (such as CPO co-packaging) reduce system power consumption and latency. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 6. Major Manufacturers for Fiber Optic Connectors </h2> <p> Global leading manufacturers include Corning's SC/LC series, Amphenol's FC/ST products, and Molex's MTP/MPO multi-core solutions. </p> <p>

<h1> Heavy Duty Connectors </h1> <p> ‌Heavy Duty Connectors‌ are high-performance electronic connectors designed for harsh industrial environments. Their core function is to provide a stable and reliable interface for power, signal and data transmission. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. ‌What are Heavy Duty Connectors? ‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Definition‌</strong>: Heavy-duty connectors are electrical connectors designed for high current, high voltage, and harsh industrial environments, with high durability and reliability. </p> <p> <strong>‌Alias‌</strong>: Also known as industrial connectors or industrial sockets, they are commonly used in power transmission, signal control, and other fields. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Core Features of Heavy Duty Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌High Environmental Adaptability</strong>‌ </p> <p> Using metal or engineering plastic shells, they have impact resistance, vibration resistance and corrosion resistance, and are suitable for harsh conditions such as high temperature, high humidity, and dust. </p> <p>   </p> <p> The protection level can reach IP65/IP67, which is effectively waterproof and dustproof, and some models support explosion-proof requirements. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌High-performance Electrical Parameters</strong>‌ </p> <p> Support high current (up to hundreds of amperes) and high voltage transmission to meet the needs of heavy machinery and industrial equipment. </p> <p>   </p> <p> The terminals are designed with screw or crimp connection to ensure low contact resistance and long-term stability. </p> <p> <strong>‌Modularity and Flexibility‌</strong> </p> <p> The structure is divided into three parts: terminal system, shield/housing, and insert, which supports the combination of signal, power, or pneumatic modules on demand. </p> <p>   </p> <p> Supports quick plug-in and locking mechanisms (such as snaps, threads, or rotary bayonet) to simplify installation and maintenance processes. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Enhanced Safety‌</strong> </p> <p> Built-in anti-misplug design to avoid the risk of a short circuit caused by incorrect polarity or direction. </p> <p>   </p> <p> Some models integrate overload protection and electromagnetic shielding functions to improve the overall reliability of the system. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are Heavy Duty Connectors Used for?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Automation‌</strong>: power and signal connection of robots, PLC control boxes, and automated production lines. </p> <p> <strong>‌Energy and Transportation‌</strong>: high-voltage power distribution of wind power equipment and rail transit on-board systems. </p> <p> <strong>‌Infrastructure‌</strong>: weather-resistant connection of construction machinery, port equipment, and outdoor lighting systems. </p> <p> <strong>‌Data and Communication‌</strong>: high-speed data, video, and audio transmission scenarios (such as industrial Internet of Things). </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. Technology Evolution of Heavy Duty Connectors ‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Phoenix Contact HEAVYCON Series‌</strong> </p> <p> Provides metal/plastic housing, multiple locking types, and modular contacts, supporting direct installation and customized configuration. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Molex GWconnect Series‌</strong> </p> <p> Adopts die-cast aluminum housing and a standardized interface, suitable for a high-load mechanical environment. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Development Trend‌</strong> </p> <p> Evolves towards integration (power + signal + data mixed transmission) and lightweight design, while being compatible with emerging protocols such as industrial Ethernet. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. Selection Suggestions for Heavy Duty Connectors‌ </h2> <p> It is necessary to comprehensively consider the current/voltage requirements, protection level, installation method (such as side outlet or straight outlet), and environmental tolerance (such as chemical corrosion or extreme temperature). Manufacturers usually provide adapter accessories (such as cable glands, covers) to expand application scenarios. </p> <p> ‌ </p> <p> <strong>‌Electrical Parameters‌</strong>: Match the model according to the voltage and current requirements (such as HEF-0.75 series). </p> <p> <strong>‌Environmental Adaptability‌</strong>: Consider the temperature range, protection level, and chemical corrosion resistance. </p> <p> <strong>‌Interface Type‌</strong>: Whether Ethernet or other data transmission functions need to be integrated. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 6. ‌Heavy Duty Connectors FAQs </h2> <h3> 1) What are the precautions for installation and maintenance of Heavy Duty Connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Installation Specifications‌</strong>: Ensure pin alignment and avoid excessive bending of cables. </p> <p> <strong>‌Regular Inspection‌</strong>: Clean contact points and check seal integrity to prevent oxidation or corrosion. </p> <p> <strong>‌Technical Support‌</strong>: Some manufacturers provide customized solutions and technical support (such as TE Connectivity). </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) What are the differences between Heavy Duty Connectors and other connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> Compared with ordinary connectors, heavy-duty connectors have significantly improved load capacity, protection level and durability, and are suitable for harsh industrial environments. </p> <p>   </p> <p> Some models integrate hybrid functions (such as Ethernet + power), reducing system complexity. </p> <p>

<h1> Keystone Connectors </h1> <p> Keystone connectors are electrical connectors used to terminate various cables, including coaxial cables, twisted pair cables, and fiber optic cables. They are designed to provide safe and reliable connections and are available in a variety of sizes, shapes, and configurations. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> ‌1. Product Line Coverage of Keystone Connectors </h2> <p> <strong>‌Battery Clip/Holder‌</strong>: Covering AAA, AA, and 9V specifications, such as the steel contact model 591; </p> <p> <strong>‌PCB Connector‌</strong>: Contains audio jacks (such as model 901), test points, etc., supports surface mounting and through-hole mounting; </p> <p> <strong>‌Terminals and Terminal Boards‌</strong>: Suitable for 22-18AWG wires (such as model 8276); </p> <p> <strong>‌Cable Management‌</strong>: Includes accessories such as cable clips and cable ties; </p> <p> <strong>‌Customized Components‌</strong>: Provide refurbishment and special specification customization services. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> ‌2. What are the Technical Features of Keystone Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌High Reliability‌</strong>: contact resistance as low as milliohms, insulation resistance up to hundreds of megohms, meeting strict electrical performance standards; </p> <p> <strong>‌Environmental Adaptability‌</strong>: operating temperature range -55℃ to 125℃, corrosion resistance ensured by salt spray test; </p> <p> <strong>‌Mechanical Stability‌</strong>: strong terminal retention, plug-in life meets industrial-grade mechanical life requirements. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> ‌3. What are Keystone Connectors Used for?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Consumer Electronics‌</strong>: such as audio equipment, portable electronic products; ‌Industrial <strong>Automation‌</strong>: instrumentation, control system interconnection; </p> <p> <strong>‌Automobile and Medical‌</strong>: adapt to vibration shock and high reliability requirements. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> ‌4. Quality Control of Keystone Connectors‌ </h2> <p> ISO 9001 certified, production process uses computerized quality control; </p> <p> Global distribution network ensures rapid response and supply chain reliability. </p> <p> With modular design and diversified interface options, the brand has become the preferred connector solution in electronic system integration. </p> <p>

<h1> LGH Connectors </h1> <p> LGH connectors are a series of high-performance circular or rectangular connectors designed by the manufacturer TE Connectivity's divisions (such as Aerospace, Defense and Marine), supporting power and signal transmission, with a variety of pin counts (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) and sleeve depths (such as 5.94mm to 26.16mm) options. Its design focuses on environmental resistance and reliability, and is suitable for complex scenarios. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. ‌Product Line Parameters‌ of LGH Connectors </h2> <h3> 1)‌Model Naming‌: </h3> <p> Based on "LGH", the suffix indicates the specification difference, including LGH 1/2, LGH 2, LGH 3, and other multi-grade models, supporting 1 to 27 pin configurations. ‌For example: </p> <p> <strong>‌LGH 1/2‌</strong>: Suitable for medium-density connections </p> <p> <strong>‌LGH 4‌</strong>: Suitable for high pin count requirements (such as 27 pins) </p> <p> Other extended models include ‌LGH 1L‌, ‌LGH 2,3‌, etc., supporting customized combinations. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) ‌Form Adaptation‌: </h3> <p> Provide interface types such as plugs, sockets, adapters, and bases, and the sleeve depth covers industrial-grade requirements from 5.94mm to 26.16mm. </p> <p> <strong>‌Number of Pins‌</strong>: Available from single pin to 27 pins, need to match the device interface requirements; </p> <p> <strong>‌Sleeve Depth‌</strong>: Directly affects the installation space and plug-in stability (such as 15.24mm to 22.61mm); </p> <p> <strong>‌Style‌</strong>: Circular (cylindrical) or rectangular, determines the physical adaptability of the connector. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are LGH Connectors Used for?‌ </h2> <p> For high-reliability scenarios such as aerospace and defense, while compatible with the signal transmission requirements of precision equipment such as sensors. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. ‌Accessory Diversity of LGH Connectors‌ </h2> <p> Supports a variety of expansion accessories such as gaskets, brackets, leads, etc., to adapt to different installation environments. </p> <p>   </p> <p> This series of products meets the electrical connection requirements of complex scenarios through modular design, and some models have gradually withdrawn from the market. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. LGH Connectors FAQs </h2> <p> <strong>‌Q1</strong>: What are the contact materials and insulation performance of LGH connectors? ‌ </p> <p> Contacts are usually plated with copper alloy to improve conductivity and corrosion resistance; insulator materials must meet high dielectric properties and flame retardant requirements (such as high-temperature engineering plastics) to ensure stability in harsh environments. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Q2</strong>: How to distinguish LGH from other types of connectors (such as Magnetron)? ‌ </p> <p> ‌Structural differences‌: LGH is mainly modular in design and supports stacking; </p> <p> ‌Application scenarios‌: The Magnetron series may be more inclined to high-frequency signal transmission, while LGH focuses on general power and signal connections. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Q3</strong>: What should be noted when installing LGH Connectors? ‌ </p> <p> Ensure that the sleeve depth matches the device opening; </p> <p> Use guides to assist plugging and unplugging to avoid mechanical damage to the contacts. </p> <p>

<h1> Memory Connectors </h1> <p> Memory Connectors are electronic components specifically used to connect memory modules to motherboards. Their design directly affects the stability and efficiency of memory data transmission. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. What are Memory Connectors? </h2> <p> Memory Connectors are a type of electronic connector. Their main function is to provide a detachable physical interface to ensure reliable high-speed signal transmission between memory modules (such as DRAM, SDRAM, etc.) and motherboards or other processing units. Such connectors usually have high-density layout characteristics and are suitable for the compact requirements of modern computer systems. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Core Features of Memory Connectors? </h2> <h3> 1) ‌Mechanical Performance‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Plug-in and Pull-out Times‌</strong>: The durability standard usually reaches more than 25 times to ensure long-term reliability. </p> <p> <strong>‌Structural Design‌</strong>: The latch structure (such as the Natural latch) and the PCB locator design enhance the alignment accuracy and retention during mating. </p> <p> <strong>‌Pitch Specifications‌</strong>: Both the mating interface and the terminal interface use a 0.60mm pitch to adapt to high-density circuit layouts. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2) ‌Electrical Performance‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Contact Plating‌</strong>: 0.762µm gold plating is used for the joint part, and 2.540µm tin plating is used for the termination part to balance conductivity and cost. </p> <p> <strong>‌Operating Temperature‌</strong>: Supports a wide temperature range of -10°C to 85°C, suitable for different environmental scenarios. </p> <p> <strong>‌Signal Integrity‌</strong>: Optimized impedance matching and shielding design to reduce interference in high-speed signal transmission. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3) ‌Material and Safety‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Flame Retardancy‌</strong>: The shell adopts 94V-0 grade flame retardant materials (such as high-temperature thermoplastic resin) to improve safety. </p> <p> <strong>‌Metal Parts‌</strong>: Copper alloy substrate combined with a surface treatment process to ensure corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are Memory Connectors Used for? </h2> <p> <strong>‌Server/Data Center‌</strong>: Support high-frequency memory modules (such as DDR5) to meet large-capacity data processing needs. </p> <p> <strong>‌Consumer Electronics‌</strong>: Applied to laptops, smartphones, and other devices, emphasizing lightness and high reliability. </p> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Control‌</strong>: Adapt to wide temperature and high vibration environments, such as industrial control motherboards and embedded systems. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. Technology Trends of Memory Connectors </h2> <p> <strong>‌High-speed‌</strong>: With the popularization of PCIe 5.0 and higher standards, connectors need to support higher frequencies (such as 56 Gbps and above). </p> <p> <strong>‌Low-power Design‌</strong>: Optimize contact resistance and plating process to reduce overall energy consumption. </p> <p> <strong>‌Modular Compatibility‌</strong>: Adapt to various memory specification upgrade requirements through standardized interface design (such as DIMM/SO-DIMM). </p> <p>

<h1> Modular Connectors </h1> <p> Modular Connectors are a type of highly standardized, flexibly configurable interconnection device in electronic engineering, which is widely used in data transmission, signal processing, power supply, and other fields. Its core feature is to achieve multifunctional integration and high-density layout through modular design. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. What are the Core Features of Modular Connectors? </h2> <h3> 1) ‌Structure and Design Flexibility‌ </h3> <p> Adopting a modular combination, it supports the integration of different transmission types (such as power, signal, data) in the same connector, significantly saving installation space and improving system integration. </p> <p>   </p> <p> Physical dimensions are standardized, and common specifications include 10mm×10mm, 15mm×15mm, etc. At the same time, the number and arrangement of pins can be customized according to needs. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) ‌Performance Requirements‌ </h3> <p> ‌<strong>Mechanical Performance‌</strong>: Focus on plug-in and pull-out force (the standard needs to be moderate to ensure reliability), mechanical life (number of plug-in and pull-out times), and contact retention (to prevent the terminal from falling off). </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Electrical Performance‌</strong>: Emphasize low contact resistance (milliohm level) and insulation resistance (typical value is above 100MΩ), support high-frequency signal transmission (such as Cat.6A standard) and high current load (such as 1.5A/125V). </p> <p> <strong>‌Environmental Adaptability‌</strong>: It must meet the temperature range (-20°C to 70°C) and vibration and corrosion resistance requirements. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3) ‌Manufacturing and Assembly Optimization‌ </h3> <p> Modular design supports automation and high-speed manufacturing, reducing manual errors. For example, the floating design can compensate for PCB mounting errors and reduce the impact of lateral loads on connectors. </p> <p>   </p> <p> Optimization of contact materials and shell materials (such as phosphor bronze contacts, PBT plastic shells) improves durability and signal stability. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Types of Modular Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Board-side Connector‌</strong>: It is used for interconnection between circuit boards and supports SMT or DIP installation methods. It is commonly used in computers and industrial control equipment. </p> <p> <strong>‌High-frequency Connector‌</strong>: Such as SMA, BNC, etc., suitable for RF signals and high-speed data transmission scenarios (such as communication base stations, measuring instruments). </p> <p> <strong>‌Multi-functional Integrated Connector‌</strong>: Such as Han-Modular domino module, which can integrate power, data, and pneumatic interfaces at the same time, and is used in complex systems such as packaging equipment and injection molding machinery. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are Modular Connectors Used for?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Control‌</strong>: HARTING brand Han-Modular Domino modules support Cat.6A data transmission standards and are used in conveyor systems and control cabinets. </p> <p> <strong>‌Communication Equipment‌</strong>: For example, RJ45 modular connectors (8P8C design) are used for Ethernet interfaces and meet the UL 94 V-0 flame retardant rating. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. Standardization and Specifications of Modular Connectors </h2> <p> <strong>‌Interface Definition‌</strong>: Clearly define pin layout, electrical characteristics, and signal transmission protocols (such as the MCIO standard defines pin isolation for data transmission and power distribution). </p> <p> <strong>‌Environmental Certification‌</strong>: Mainstream products comply with the RoHS directive and use lead-free soldering processes. </p> <p> <strong>‌Industry Compatibility‌</strong>: Some connectors are compatible with DIN standards to ensure interoperability with existing equipment. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. Typical Manufacturers and Products of Modular Connectors </h2> <table> <tbody> <tr class="firstRow"> <td width="107" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Manufacturer/Brand </p> </td> <td width="152" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Representative Products </p> </td> <td width="167" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Core Features </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Application Areas </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> HARTING </p> </td> <td width="152" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Han-Modular Domino </p> </td> <td width="167" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Integrated power/signal/data, Cat.6A transmission </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Industrial Automation </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> TE Connectivity </p> </td> <td width="152" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> TM13R Series </p> </td> <td width="167" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> On-board installation, 500V withstand voltage, 4-contact design </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Communication Equipment </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Molex </p> </td> <td width="152" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> MCIO Series </p> </td> <td width="167" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> High-density layout, supports 10Gbps high-speed signal </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Server/Data Center </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>   </p> <p> Through modular design, standardized interfaces, and diversified configurations, Modular Connectors provide reliable and flexible connection solutions for electronic systems, supporting the high performance and miniaturization trend of modern electronic devices. </p> <p>   </p> <p>

<h1> Photovoltaic (Solar Panel) Connectors </h1> <p> Photovoltaic (Solar Panel) Connectors are key electronic components in photovoltaic power generation systems, mainly used to achieve electrical connections between photovoltaic modules and system-level energy transmission. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. What are the Core Functions of Photovoltaic (Solar Panel) Connectors? </h2> <p> ‌<strong>Efficient Energy Transmission‌</strong>: Ensure efficient output current of photovoltaic modules through low-resistance conductive materials to reduce power loss; </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Environmental Adaptability‌</strong>: Use UV-resistant, high-temperature-resistant, and corrosion-resistant materials (such as TPE, special engineering plastics) to adapt to long-term harsh outdoor environments; </p> <p> <strong>‌Safety Protection‌</strong>: Integrated bypass diodes prevent hot spot effects and reduce the risk of performance degradation or damage to components caused by local shadows; </p> <p> <strong>‌Quick Connection Design‌</strong>: Plug-in quick-connect structure (such as MC4) simplifies installation steps, supports blind plug-in operation and maintains stable contact resistance. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Technical Characteristics of Photovoltaic (Solar Panel) Connectors? </h2> <h3> 1)‌Conductive Components‌ </h3> <p> The core conductor adopts a copper alloy tinning or silver plating process, combined with MULTILAM multi-point contact technology to ensure long-term contact reliability; </p> <p>   </p> <p> The terminal spacing is optimized, and 2-6 wiring terminals are built in to meet the requirements of different component configurations. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) ‌Packaging Material‌ </h3> <p> The shell uses thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) or reinforced nylon, with a temperature range of -40°C to 120°C; </p> <p>   </p> <p> IP67/IP68 protection level design, effectively resisting dust and water vapor intrusion. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3) ‌Connector Type‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌MC4 Series‌</strong>: industry mainstream standard, supports up to 1500V system voltage, contact resistance less than 0.5mΩ; </p> <p> <strong>‌Universal Solar Connectors‌</strong>: compatible with multi-brand equipment, reducing system compatibility risks. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. Industry Application Trends of Photovoltaic (Solar Panel) Connectors </h2> <p> <strong>‌Intelligent Integration‌</strong>: New connectors begin to integrate sensor modules, which can monitor the temperature rise and current status of contact points in real time; </p> <p> <strong>‌Standardization‌</strong>: The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) promotes the standardization of connector interfaces to reduce the adaptation problems between equipment from different manufacturers; </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Improved Durability‌</strong>: The service life of more than 25 years is verified through accelerated aging tests to match the life cycle of photovoltaic modules. </p> <p>   </p> <p> The technical iteration in this field continues to focus on improving energy conversion efficiency, enhancing adaptability to extreme environments, and simplifying operation and maintenance processes. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. Photovoltaic (Solar Panel) Connectors FAQs </h2> <h3> 1) What is the role of photovoltaic connectors? </h3> <p> PV connectors are core components of solar energy systems. They are used to safely and efficiently connect photovoltaic modules, inverters, and DC or AC cables of the entire photovoltaic system to ensure stable current transmission. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) What are the common types of photovoltaic connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌DC Connectors</strong>: such as the MC4 interface, suitable for DC cable connection between photovoltaic panels; </p> <p> <strong>‌AC Connectors</strong>: such as the MULTI-CONACT series, used for inverter output or AC side power distribution; </p> <p> <strong>‌Customized Connectors</strong>: Some manufacturers support IP68 waterproof rating or a customized design to adapt to harsh environments. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3) What are the requirements for waterproof and protection levels of photovoltaic connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> ‌Photovoltaic connectors need to have a high protection level (such as IP68) to cope with harsh conditions such as outdoor humidity, high temperature, or dust. This type of design can ensure long-term stable operation and reduce maintenance requirements. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 4) How do you choose a photovoltaic connector manufacturer? ‌ </h3> <p> ‌<strong>Certification and Compatibility‌</strong>: Choose industry-certified brands such as Amphenol and TE Connectivity to ensure compatibility with other components. </p> <p> <strong>‌Supply Chain Reliability‌</strong>: Some manufacturers (such as Phoenix Contact) provide complete cable connection solutions, covering the entire process from design to installation. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 5)‌What issues should be paid attention to when installing and maintaining photovoltaic connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Tools and Operating Specifications‌</strong>: Use special crimping tools to avoid poor contact and strictly follow the installation guide; </p> <p> <strong>‌Regular Inspection‌</strong>: Monitor the connection for oxidation or looseness to prevent power loss or safety hazards. </p> <p>   </p>

<h1> Pluggable Connectors </h1> <p> ‌Pluggable Connectors‌ are the core components for realizing modular circuit connection in electronic devices, and are widely used in signal transmission, power supply and data interaction. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. Pluggable Connectors Overview ‌ </h2> <p> Pluggable Connectors realize electrical connection through physical contact between plugs and sockets, undertake the task of transmitting current, signals or data, and support rapid assembly and maintenance between devices. Its design must ensure connection stability, durability and anti-interference ability, which is the basis of modular design of electronic systems. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What is the ‌Core Structure of Pluggable Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Contact Parts‌</strong>: metal conductors (such as gold-plated copper alloys), responsible for the direct transmission of electrical signals or currents. </p> <p> <strong>‌Insulator‌</strong>: plastic or ceramic material, isolating different contacts to prevent short circuits. </p> <p> <strong>‌Housing‌</strong>: metal or engineering plastic housing, providing mechanical protection and support. </p> <p> <strong>‌Locking Mechanism‌</strong>: buckle, thread, and other designs to ensure the stability of the connection after plugging and unplugging. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are the Types of Pluggable Connectors?‌ </h2> <h3> 1) ‌Classification by Interconnection Level‌: </h3> <p> <strong>‌Board-level Connection‌ (Level 2)</strong>: PCB-to-PCB or PCB-to-cable connection (such as pin headers and female headers). </p> <p> <strong>‌Device-level Connection‌ (Level 3/4)</strong>: Server backplane, I/O port or cross-device high-speed interface (such as fiber optic module). </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) ‌Classification ‌By Function‌: </h3> <p> <strong>‌Wire-to-board Connector‌</strong>: Contains a header, contact, and housing, supporting the fixed connection between cable and circuit board. </p> <p> <strong>‌High-speed Connector‌</strong>: Optimizes impedance matching and signal integrity, suitable for high-frequency scenarios such as 5G and data centers. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. What are the ‌Key Performance Parameters of Pluggable Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Mechanical Performance‌</strong>: plug-in force (common range of 20-80N), mechanical life (thousands to tens of thousands of plug-ins), terminal retention. </p> <p> <strong>‌Electrical Performance‌</strong>: contact resistance (<50mΩ), insulation resistance (>100MΩ), withstand voltage level (such as 250V AC). </p> <p> <strong>‌Environmental Adaptability‌</strong>: temperature resistance range (-40℃~125℃), dust and water resistance level (such as IP67). </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. What are Pluggable Connectors Used for?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Consumer Electronics‌</strong>: mobile phone SIM card slot, Type-C interface, etc. </p> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Equipment‌</strong>: PLC module connection, sensor cable interface. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Communication Infrastructure‌</strong>: optical fiber transceiver module, server backplane high-speed interconnection. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 6. ‌Development Trend of Pluggable Connectors‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Miniaturization‌</strong>: the spacing is reduced to less than 0.4mm to meet the needs of smart wearable devices. </p> <p> <strong>‌High Speed‌</strong>: supports transmission rates above 100Gbps, matching AI computing and data center upgrades. </p> <p> <strong>‌Intelligent‌</strong>: integrated sensors or status monitoring functions to achieve fault warning. </p> <p> <strong>‌Green‌</strong>: use recyclable materials to reduce production carbon emissions. </p> <p>   </p> <p> The technological innovation of Pluggable Connectors continues to promote the high-density integration and reliability improvement of electronic devices, and is one of the cornerstone components in the future fields of Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, etc. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 7. Pluggable Connectors FAQs </h2> <h3> 1)What are the advantages of pluggable connectors over traditional connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> ‌<strong>Magnetic Design‌</strong>: Some Ethernet connectors use magnetic interfaces to reduce physical plug-in and pull-out wear and extend service life. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Modular Expansion‌</strong>: Supports three-pole/four-pole configurations, and the operating mechanism can flexibly adjust the position to adapt to different space constraints. </p> <p> <strong>‌Enhanced Stability‌</strong>: The double-spring energy storage mechanism ensures that the opening and closing speed is not affected by manual operation, improving the reliability of electrical connections. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2)‌What are the key points to pay attention to when installing and maintaining Pluggable Connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Environmental Adaptation‌</strong>: Choose models that have passed salt spray tests (such as 144 hours of high-humidity salt spray environment) to ensure performance in harsh environments. </p> <p> <strong>‌Plug-in Operation‌</strong>: Follow the installation guide provided by the supplier to avoid poor contact or mechanical damage caused by incorrect plug-in and pull-out. </p> <p> <strong>‌Certification Requirements‌</strong>: Give priority to products that have passed 3C, CE, or classification society certification (such as CCS) to ensure compliance and safety. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3)‌How to choose a suitable Pluggable Connector? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Current Requirement‌</strong>: Match device capacity according to load current (such as 4000A base model or 8000A derivative model). </p> <p> <strong>‌Data Rate‌</strong>: High-frequency scenarios (such as PCIe M.2 interface) need to pay attention to transmission rate and protocol compatibility. </p> <p> <strong>‌Supply Chain Support‌</strong>: Purchase through authorized agents to ensure original and new products and technical support. </p>

<h1> Rectangular Connectors </h1> <p> Rectangular connectors are standardized interface devices used to transmit power, signals, or data. Their shells are rectangular or square in design and have multiple regularly arranged contact terminals. They are commonly used in industrial equipment, aerospace, energy, and electronic equipment. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. Rectangular Connectors Overview‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Appearance Features‌</strong>: Different from circular connectors, rectangular connectors are designed based on rectangular geometry and are suitable for scenarios that require multiple pins or compact arrangements. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Sub-types</strong>‌: According to international standards (such as IEC TR 62380), rectangular connectors can be classified in parallel with other types (such as circular and coaxial connectors), and their failure calculation methods are consistent. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Technical Characteristics of Rectangular Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>1)‌Combination Design</strong>‌: The typical structure includes a plug (male end) and a socket (female end), and keyed alignment is used to ensure the correct plugging direction, such as by fixing with locking screws to improve connection stability. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>2) ‌Performance Parameters</strong>‌: </p> <p> <strong>‌Electrical Characteristics‌</strong>: The operating voltage can reach 954 VDC, the terminal rated current is up to 5A, and the contacts are gold-plated to improve conductivity and corrosion resistance. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Mechanical Properties</strong>‌: Supports vertical PCB installation, and the shell material is mostly nickel-plated to meet the durability requirements in industrial environments. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are Rectangular Connectors Used for?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Scenarios</strong>‌: Widely used in industrial automation, communication equipment, and power systems, such as connecting sensors, controllers, and actuators. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Electronic Equipment</strong>‌: As a board-to-board connector (Board-to-Board or Wire-to-Board), it serves the internal circuit interconnection in the fields of computers, medical equipment, etc. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. ‌Typical Product Examples for Rectangular Connectors‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Standardized Products</strong>‌: Such as TE Connectivity's CY8561 series, which includes a female end housing kit and a keyed alignment interface, supports wire-to-wire connection, and is suitable for EME installation environments. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Industrial-grade Components</strong>‌: Lear Corporation's 18280.050.000 model demonstrates the adaptability of rectangular connectors in automotive electronics and complex electrical systems. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. Customization and Compatibility of Rectangular Connectors </h2> <p> Some manufacturers (such as TXGA) provide customization services, which can adjust the contact termination form (such as crimping, welding) or protection level according to specific application conditions (such as high temperature, sealing requirements), shortening the development cycle. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 6. Rectangular Connectors FAQs </h2> <h3> 1) What are the basic structures of rectangular connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Contacts</strong>: Made of conductive metal materials (such as copper and gold) to achieve electrical connection; </p> <p> <strong>‌Insulator</strong>: Isolates contacts to prevent short circuits, mostly made of plastic or ceramic; </p> <p> <strong>‌Housing</strong>: Protects the internal structure and provides an installation interface, made of metal or high-strength plastic; </p> <p> <strong>‌Accessories</strong>: Such as locking and sealing mechanisms to enhance connection stability. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2) What are the main types of rectangular connectors? ‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌D-Sub Connector</strong>‌: classic type, suitable for multi-signal transmission scenarios; </p> <p> <strong>‌ARINC Connector</strong>‌: specially designed for the aerospace field to meet high reliability requirements; </p> <p> <strong>‌Shielded Connector‌</strong>: supports cable shield grounding, in line with IEC 60807-8 and other standards; </p> <p> <strong>‌High Current/High Density Connector</strong>‌: used for industrial power supply or high-density circuit board interconnection. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3) What are the relevant industry standards for Rectangular Connectors? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌IEC 60807-8</strong>‌: standardizes the design of four signal contacts and ground contacts of shielded connectors; </p> <p> <strong>‌UL/CE Certification</strong>‌: ensures electrical safety and environmental durability. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 4)‌ How to choose a suitable rectangular connector? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Current/Voltage Requirements</strong>‌: select withstand voltage and current carrying capacity according to AC or DC scenarios; </p> <p> <strong>‌Environmental Adaptability</strong>‌: consider temperature, humidity, vibration, and a corrosive environment; </p> <p> <strong>‌Connection Density</strong>‌: compact structure is required for high-density applications; </p> <p> <strong>‌Shielding Requirements</strong>‌: shielded models are required for electromagnetic sensitive scenarios. </p> <p>

<h1> Shunts, Jumpers </h1> <h2> 1. Shunts Overview </h2> <h3> 1) Functional Definition </h3> <p> Shunts usually refer to low-resistance resistors used for current detection or path shunting. Its core function is to indirectly calculate the current value in the circuit by measuring the voltage drop across the resistor, which is common in high-precision current monitoring systems. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) Parameter Characteristics </h3> <p> <strong>Resistance Range</strong>: Usually in the milliohm level (mΩ), for example, the standard shunt resistance is generally less than 50mΩ. </p> <p> <strong>Power and Package</strong>: The package size (such as 0805, 0603) directly affects the rated current-carrying capacity. For example, Shunts in the 0805 package usually support higher continuous current than 0603. </p> <p> <strong>Accuracy Requirements</strong>: In high-precision scenarios, it is necessary to select specifications with smaller errors (such as 1% accuracy) to avoid measurement deviations. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3) Application Scenarios </h3> <p> Mainly used in systems that require real-time current feedback, such as power management, battery charge and discharge monitoring, and motor control. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. Jumpers Overview </h2> <h3> 1) Functional Definition </h3> <p> Jumpers are circuit path switching components implemented through physical connections or 0Ω resistors, and are often used for hardware debugging, function configuration, or signal jumps. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) Implementation Form </h3> <p> <strong>0Ω Resistor</strong>: A jumper resistor for surface mount (such as 0603 package), with an extremely low actual resistance (usually <50mΩ), which has both jumper function and overcurrent protection characteristics. </p> <p> <strong>Physical Jumper</strong>: Such as plug-in short-circuit caps (Jumper Cap), which directly conduct the circuit through metal pins. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3) Selection Points </h3> <p> <strong>Current Capacity</strong>: It needs to be selected according to the package size. For example, the rated current of the 0Ω jumper resistor of the 0603 package is generally 1A, while the rated current of the 0805 can reach 2A. </p> <p> <strong>Withstand Voltage Level</strong>: Different packages correspond to different withstand voltage values, and it is necessary to avoid breakdown due to excessive voltage. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 4) Typical Applications </h3> <p> Noise isolation in single-point grounding design. </p> <p> Function module bypass or signal test point connection during PCB debugging. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. The Relationship and Difference between Shunts and Jumpers </h2> <table> <tbody> <tr class="firstRow"> <td width="86" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> ‌Comparison Items </p> </td> <td width="185" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> ‌Shunts </p> </td> <td width="297" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> ‌Jumpers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="86" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Core Functions </p> </td> <td width="185" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Current detection and shunt </p> </td> <td width="297" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Circuit path switching and connection </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:46px"> <td width="86" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌Resistance Characteristics </p> </td> <td width="185" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Extremely low resistance (mΩ level) </p> </td> <td width="297" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Approaching 0Ω (actually mΩ residual resistance) </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:29px"> <td width="86" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Design Goals </p> </td> <td width="185" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Accurate Measurement </p> </td> <td width="297" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Flexible configuration </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="86" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌Typical Packages </p> </td> <td width="185" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> High-power packages (such as 2512) </p> </td> <td width="297" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Miniaturized packages (such as 0603, plug-in) </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>   </p> <p> By properly selecting Shunts and Jumpers, engineers can achieve high-precision current management and flexible functional configuration in circuit design, while optimizing PCB layout space. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. Shunts, Jumpers FAQs </h2> <h3> 1) ‌What is a flexible jumper? ‌ </h3> <p> Flexible jumpers are composed of flexible wires and matching hardware. They are mainly used to realize the electrical connection of wires in different sections in overhead transmission lines. They are widely used, especially when complex electrical gaps need to be handled in locations such as tension towers. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) ‌What is the role of jumpers in transmission lines? ‌ </h3> <p> Used to balance electrical parameters and prevent induced electrical interference (such as short-circuiting tension insulators when constructing adjacent high-voltage lines); </p> <p> Replace traditional rigid connections to adapt to deformation caused by line swing or thermal expansion and contraction. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3) What issues should be paid attention to when installing jumper cables (jumpers)? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Material Selection‌</strong>: Select vibration-resistant, waterproof, and sealed cable connectors according to the application scenario (such as high-speed rail, floating platform); </p> <p> <strong>‌Force Direction‌</strong>: When setting the anchor cable, the excavated "horseway" must be consistent with the force direction to ensure stability; </p> <p> <strong>‌Dynamic Analysis‌</strong>: Floating jumper cables must consider the impact of dynamic loads such as water flow and waves on cable length and tension. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 4) ‌How to replace old jumpers? ‌ </h3> <p> If there is a high-risk area, such as a railway below, it is necessary to consult with relevant units and use the method of pulling the old line with the new line to replace it, and remove the components that slide into the gear (such as an anti-vibration hammer). </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 5) ‌Why may jumpers generate static electricity or induced electricity? ‌ </h3> <p> When constructing near high-voltage lines, unshorted tension insulators will accumulate charges due to electromagnetic induction, which need to be released by short-circuiting conductors; </p> <p> Non-conductive materials such as wooden crossing frames are prone to static electricity due to electric field induction in high-voltage environments. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 6) ‌How to avoid jumper cable connector failure? ‌ </h3> <p> Use built-in airbags or variable-diameter sealing rings to improve waterproof and seismic performance; </p> <p> Regularly check the cable sheath and grounding system to prevent leakage caused by insulation aging. </p> <p>

<h1> Sockets for ICs, Transistors </h1> <p> Sockets for ICs and transistors mainly refer to socket-type connection devices for integrated circuits (ICs) and transistors. Their core function is to achieve the pluggable connection between devices and circuit boards, which is convenient for installation, replacement, and maintenance. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. What are the ‌Functional Characteristics of Sockets for ICs and Transistors?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Pluggability‌</strong>: Avoid the risk of device damage caused by direct welding, and support quick replacement of IC chips or transistors. </p> <p> <strong>‌Modular Expansion‌</strong>: Allows circuit function upgrades by replacing different types of devices, reducing the overall design complexity. </p> <p> <strong>‌Heat Dissipation and Isolation‌</strong>: Some high-performance socket designs have heat-dissipation structures or insulation layers, which can assist device heat dissipation and improve circuit stability. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the ‌Common Types of Sockets for ICs and Transistors?‌ </h2> <h3> 1) ‌IC Sockets‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌DIP Sockets‌</strong>: Integrated circuits adapted to dual in-line packages (DIP), commonly used in debugging old equipment or prototype circuit boards. </p> <p>   </p> <p> ‌<strong>Surface Mount Sockets‌</strong>: ICs suitable for SMT processes, such as QFP and BGA package sockets, using spring contacts or shrapnel structures. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) ‌Transistor Socket‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌TO Package Socket‌</strong>: Adapts to transistor packages such as TO-92 and TO-220, and is often used for testing and replacing high-power devices. </p> <p> <strong>‌Multi-pin Adapter Socket‌</strong>: Supports the compatible installation of transistors with different pins, with high flexibility. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3. What are the ‌Key Performance Parameters of Sockets for ICs and Transistors?‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Mechanical Durability‌</strong>: The plug-in and unplug life usually needs to reach more than a thousand times, and the contact retention force needs to ensure that the terminal is not easily loosened and falls off. </p> <p> <strong>‌Electrical Performance‌</strong>: The contact resistance needs to be less than tens of milliohms, the insulation resistance needs to be higher than hundreds of megohms, and the withstand voltage strength meets the circuit working voltage requirements. </p> <p> <strong>‌Environmental Adaptability‌</strong>: The operating temperature range is generally -55℃~125℃, and corrosion resistance verification, such as salt spray testing, is required. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. What are Sockets for ICs, Transistors Used for?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌R&D Test‌</strong>: Quickly replace different models of IC or transistors in the prototype design stage to reduce welding loss. </p> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Equipment Maintenance‌</strong>: Support on-site rapid repair of faulty devices to shorten downtime. </p> <p> <strong>‌High-value Device Protection‌</strong>: Avoid direct soldering of high-cost ICs (such as CPUs and FPGAs) to extend the device reuse cycle. </p> <p>   </p> <p> This type of socket needs to be selected based on the specific package type, current and voltage requirements, and environmental conditions to balance reliability, cost, and space occupancy. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. Sockets for ICs, Transistors FAQs </h2> <h3> 1) ‌What are the main package types of IC sockets? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>IC sockets support a variety of package types to meet the needs of different chips, including</strong>: </p> <p> <strong>‌BGA‌ (Ball Grid Array)</strong>: Suitable for high-density integrated circuits </p> <p> <strong>‌DIP‌ (Dual In-line Package)</strong>: Commonly used in traditional integrated circuit test scenarios </p> <p> <strong>‌PGA‌ (Pin Grid Array)</strong>: Mostly used for high-performance processors </p> <p> <strong>‌LGA‌ (Lattice Grid Array)</strong>: Commonly used for server-level chips </p> <p> <strong>‌TO‌ (Transistor Shell)</strong>: Suitable for transistors and discrete devices </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) ‌How to choose the installation method of IC sockets? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Surface Mount (SMT)</strong>: Suitable for compact design and high-density PCB layout </p> <p> <strong>‌Through-hole</strong>: Stronger mechanical stability, suitable for high-vibration environments </p> <p> <strong>‌Press-fit</strong>: No soldering required, suitable for rapid prototyping </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3) ‌How does RoHS compliance affect socket selection? ‌ </h3> <p> RoHS-compliant sockets must meet the requirements of lead-free and free of hazardous substances, and are a must in strictly regulated fields such as medical and automotive. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 4) ‌What are the characteristics of test/prototyping sockets? ‌ </h3> <p> This type of socket usually supports fast chip replacement and is compatible with multiple package types (such as QFP, SOIC), which is convenient for debugging and verifying circuit functions. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 5) ‌What factors need to be considered in transistor socket design? ‌ </h3> <p> Package matching (such as TO series) </p> <p> Heat dissipation performance (heat dissipation structure needs to be optimized for high power scenarios) </p> <p> Electrical contact reliability (ensuring low contact resistance) </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>Note</strong>: Terminology </p> <p> <strong>‌IC Socket‌</strong>: Integrated circuit socket, used for detachable connection between chip and PCB </p> <p> <strong>‌IC Headers‌</strong>: Plug/connector, providing a fixed pin connection solution </p> <p>

<h1> Solid State Lighting Connectors </h1> <p> Solid State Lighting Connectors are special electrical connection components designed for solid-state lighting systems (such as LED lighting). They have high reliability and environmental adaptability and are mainly used in industrial, commercial, and outdoor lighting fields. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. What are the ‌Technical Features of Solid State Lighting Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌High-performance Materials‌</strong>: The shell is made of high-temperature resistant engineering plastics to ensure stable operation in an environment of -40°C to 105°C. </p> <p> <strong>‌Electrical Parameters‌</strong>: Supports a maximum operating voltage of 250V AC/DC, carries a current of 5A, and has an insulation dielectric strength of 1500V AC, effectively isolating high-voltage risks. </p> <p> <strong>‌Waterproof Sealing‌</strong>: Equipped with positive locks and pre-installed sealing rings, it meets the protection level of IP67 and above, and is suitable for harsh environments such as humidity and dust. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Advantages of Solid State Lighting Connectors?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Compatibility Design‌</strong>: Supports 18-24 AWG standard cables, provides multiple connection methods such as wire-to-wire, wire-to-board, SMT, and through-hole connectors, and simplifies the installation process. </p> <p> <strong>‌Anti-interference Ability‌</strong>: Through anti-ultraviolet treatment, it reduces the impact of light decay and environmental aging and extends the service life. </p> <p> <strong>‌Efficient Heat Dissipation‌</strong>: Optimize the structure to solve the problem of heat concentration in LED modules, improve heat dissipation efficiency, and ensure system stability. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are Solid State Lighting Connectors Used for?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Lighting‌</strong>: High-power LED lamps used in factories, warehouses, and other scenes require frequent vibration resistance and long-term maintenance-free. </p> <p> <strong>‌Intelligent Control System‌</strong>: Compatible with intelligent protocols such as dimming and group control, and adapts to building automation and IoT devices. </p> <p> <strong>‌Outdoor Facilities‌</strong>: Such as street lights and traffic lights, which rely on their sealing and weather resistance to cope with extreme weather. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. ‌Industry Trends of Solid State Lighting Connectors‌ </h2> <p> Solid-state lighting connectors are developing in the direction of miniaturization and high-density integration. Some manufacturers (such as KYOCERA AVX) have launched modular solutions that support quick plug-in and blind-mate connections to reduce system maintenance costs. At the same time, the demand for special connectors for DC power supply systems has increased significantly to adapt to the popularization of new energy lighting equipment. </p> <p>

<h1> Terminal Blocks </h1> <h2> 1. What are Terminal Blocks? </h2> <p> Terminal Blocks (TB for short), also known as terminal blocks, terminal blocks, terminal strips, etc. in Chinese, are standardized components used for circuit connection in electronic components. Its main functions include: </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>Wire Connection</strong>: reliably connect multiple wires or circuit board pins to facilitate circuit wiring and management; </p> <p> <strong>Signal Transmission</strong>: ensure stable transmission of electrical signals while preventing wires from falling off or loosening; </p> <p> <strong>Modular Expansion</strong>: supports flexible system expansion through modular design, commonly used in industrial automation equipment and electrical control cabinets. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Core Components of Terminal Blocks? </h2> <p> Terminal Blocks are usually composed of the following core components: </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>Shell</strong>: mostly made of plastic or metal, used to protect internal components and fix the overall structure; </p> <p> <strong>Insulator</strong>: isolate conductive parts to ensure electrical safety, commonly used materials are high-temperature-resistant engineering plastics; </p> <p> <strong>Contact Body</strong>: metal conductive sheet or pin, responsible for crimping or welding of wires, mostly made of copper alloy to reduce resistance. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are the Types of Terminal Blocks? </h2> <p> Based on design features and application scenarios, Terminal Blocks can be divided into the following categories: </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 1) ‌By Connection Method‌: </h3> <p> <strong>‌Screw-fixed Type‌</strong>: The wire is fastened by screws, which is highly reliable and suitable for high current scenarios; </p> <p>   </p> <p> ‌<strong>Push-In‌</strong>: Quick installation using springs or separation rods, easy maintenance, such as Push-In Plus terminal blocks; </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Welding Type‌</strong>: Directly welded to the PCB board, commonly found inside electronic devices. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) ‌By Electrical Parameters‌: </h3> <p> <strong>‌Rated Current‌</strong>: Covers different levels from 10A to 400A, adapting to a variety of needs from weak current to strong current; </p> <p> <strong>‌Rated Voltage‌</strong>: Supports 150V to 600V+, meeting the requirements of low-voltage control and high-voltage power distribution. </p> <p> <strong>3) ‌By Appearance Structure‌</strong>: Circular terminal blocks, rectangular terminal blocks, and sealed and high-temperature types for specific scenarios. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. What are Terminal Blocks Used for? </h2> <p> <strong>Terminal Blocks are widely used in</strong>: </p> <p> <strong>Industrial Automation</strong>: Signal and power connection of PLC, sensors, actuators, and other equipment; </p> <p> <strong>Power System</strong>: Wire collection and branching management of distribution cabinets and circuit breakers; </p> <p> <strong>Transportation and Communication</strong>: Rail transit signal system, communication base station equipment wiring. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. Technology Development Trends of Terminal Blocks </h2> <p> <strong>High-density Design</strong>: Compact terminal blocks support more poles (such as 40P models) to meet the needs of miniaturized equipment; </p> <p> <strong>Safety Improvement</strong>: Through UL 1059 and other certification standards, the insulation performance and fire protection level are enhanced; </p> <p> <strong>Intelligent Integration</strong>: Integrate functions such as fuses and signal indicators to reduce dependence on peripheral components. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 6. Terminal Blocks FAQs </h2> <h3> 1) What is the difference between terminal blocks and busbars? </h3> <p> Busbars focus on distributing multiple branch circuits from a single power source, while terminal blocks focus on routing multiple independent circuits and support modular circuit design. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) What are the main application scenarios of terminal blocks? ‌ </h3> <p> Commonly used in vehicle power systems, industrial equipment power distribution, and printed circuit board (PCB) signal transmission, especially in scenarios that require high-density connections (such as SMD PCB terminal blocks). </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3)‌What are the characteristics of the materials and performance of the terminal block? ‌ </h3> <p> Non-magnetic metal materials are used to reduce electromagnetic interference, corrosion-resistant design is suitable for harsh environments, and high contact pressure ensures low temperature rise and stable operation. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 4) ‌How to choose a terminal block suitable for a PCB? ‌ </h3> <p> PCB terminals need to match signal transmission requirements, such as compact design to adapt to high-density layout, and specific models (such as SMD packaging) can optimize space utilization. </p> <p>

<h1> Terminal Junction Systems </h1> <h2> 1. What are Terminal Junction Systems?‌ </h2> <p> Terminal junction systems are a systematic solution for electrical connections, mainly involving the structural design and interconnection technology of terminals and connectors. Its core function is to achieve reliable power transmission, signal connection, and mechanical fixation between circuits, and ensure the efficient cooperation of different electronic components or systems. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Components of Terminal Junction Systems?‌ </h2> <p> ‌<strong>Terminal</strong>: As the core contact of the system, it is usually made of metal materials (such as copper alloys) and is formed into pin-type, hole-type, and other forms through precision processing to ensure low contact resistance and high conductivity. For example, the double-plate structure formed by bending the metal strip can fix the wire through the notch and make electrical contact. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Insulator and Shell‌</strong>: High-temperature resistant and flame retardant materials (such as engineering plastics) are used to isolate the terminals to prevent short circuits and provide mechanical support; the shell has both protection and positioning functions to adapt to different environmental requirements. </p> <p> <strong>‌Accessory Module‌</strong>: Including fixings, guide devices, etc., to optimize the installation process and improve the stability of the connection. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are Terminal Junction Systems Used for?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Automation‌</strong>: Used for inter-circuit board connections of PLC, servo drives, and other equipment, supporting high-frequency signal transmission. </p> <p> <strong>‌Automotive Electronics‌</strong>: Provides high-voltage and high-current connections in the battery management system (BMS) and motor controller of new energy vehicles. </p> <p> <strong>‌Military and Aerospace‌</strong>: Meet the stringent requirements for high reliability, vibration resistance, and sealing in extreme environments. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. What are the ‌Technical Features and Advantages of Terminal Junction Systems?‌ </h2> <p> <strong>‌High Durability‌</strong>: Enhance the wear resistance and oxidation resistance of the terminals through plating processes (such as gold plating and tin plating) to extend the service life. </p> <p> <strong>‌Modular Design‌</strong>: Supports fast plug-in and flexible expansion to reduce maintenance costs. </p> <p> <strong>‌High Frequency Adaptability‌</strong>: Optimizes electromagnetic shielding design, reduces signal interference, and is suitable for high-speed communication scenarios. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. The Importance of Terminal Junction Systems‌ </h2> <p> As the "bridge between hardware and software" in electronic equipment, this type of system directly affects the reliability, safety, and miniaturization level of the equipment. With the development of Industry 4.0 and new energy technologies, its demand in the fields of intelligent equipment, energy management, etc., continues to grow. </p> <p>

<h1> Terminal Strips and Turret Boards </h1> <h2> 1. What are Terminal Strips and Turret Boards? </h2> <p> <strong>‌Terminal Strips‌</strong>: An electromechanical component used for electrical connection, which uses metal terminals to achieve a fixed connection between wires, and is commonly used for signal transmission and power distribution in circuit boards or devices. </p> <p>   </p> <p> ‌<strong>Turret Boards‌</strong>: An insulating substrate with multiple metal terminals, which supports manual welding or mechanical fixing of components, and is suitable for high-frequency circuit debugging or prototype development scenarios. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Features of Terminal Strips and Turret Boards? </h2> <p> <strong>‌Terminal Strip</strong>‌ </p> <p> Adopts modular design, which can flexibly expand the number of connection points; </p> <p> Supports packaging forms such as SOP-8L, and is compatible with surface mount (SMT) technology. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Terminal Board</strong>‌ </p> <p> The substrate material is mostly phenolic resin or epoxy glass fiber, which has high temperature resistance; </p> <p> Typical specifications include a 5.25-inch board, 12 terminals on each side, and supports double-sided wiring. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are Terminal Strips and Turret Boards Used for? </h2> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Control‌</strong>: For internal connections of PLC, power distribution box, and other equipment; </p> <p> <strong>‌Prototype Development‌</strong>: Replace traditional breadboards in the PCB design verification stage to provide more stable high-frequency signal connections; </p> <p> <strong>‌Maintenance‌</strong>: As a temporary jumper interface to replace damaged PCB lines. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. Typical Product Examples for Terminal Strips and Turret Boards </h2> <p> <strong>‌Keystone 15073‌</strong>: 50-position terminal block, RoHS-compliant, suitable for compact electronic devices; </p> <p> <strong>‌Keystone 15312‌</strong>: 24-position double-sided terminal board, stock model supports rapid sample production. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. Standards and Certifications of Terminal Strips and Turret Boards </h2> <p> Mainstream products must meet the environmental protection requirements of the RoHS directive and pass UL insulation grade certification. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 6. Terminal Strips and Turret Boards FAQs </h2> <h3> ‌1) What are the common installation methods for Terminal Strips and Turret Boards? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌PCB Installation‌</strong>: Solder to the circuit board through straight or right angle pins. </p> <p> <strong>‌Surface Mounting‌</strong>: Some models can be directly fixed on the surface of the device or inside the chassis. </p> <p> <strong>‌Hole Mounting‌</strong>: Some models are designed for through-hole fixing, suitable for scenarios that require mechanical reinforcement. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> ‌2) What are the key parameters to consider when selecting Terminal Strips and Turret Boards? ‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Center Spacing (Pitch)‌</strong>: For example, the Keystone 4188 series provides a variety of spacing options to meet different wiring density requirements. </p> <p> <strong>‌Material‌</strong>: For example, Adam Tech's TB series uses crack-resistant thermoplastics, which is suitable for high-vibration environments. </p> <p> <strong>‌Compatibility‌</strong>: The connector type (such as ClipTite terminals or Turret terminals) must be matched. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3) Do Terminal Strips and Turret Boards support customized designs? ‌ </h3> <p> ‌Some brands (such as Keystone Electronics) provide standardized specifications to reduce tooling costs, but also support small batches of non-standard customization. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 4) What precautions should be taken when connecting Terminal Strips and Turret Boards to PCBs? ‌ </h3> <p> ‌During soldering, high temperatures should be avoided to damage the terminal material, and automated soldering processes are recommended. </p> <p> For surface mount models, attention should be paid to PCB layout matching to prevent mechanical stress from causing poor contact. </p> <p>

<h1> Terminals </h1> <p> Terminals are key connection units in electronic systems, combining functionality and engineering flexibility. Their design and application directly affect the reliability and maintenance efficiency of equipment. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 1. What are the Core Functions of Terminals? </h2> <p> <strong>‌Electrical Connection Components‌</strong>: Terminal refers to the wiring terminal in the electrical system, which is used to achieve a stable connection between wires and between wires and equipment, and undertakes the function of electrical signal transmission or conduction. </p> <p> <strong>‌Terminal Equipment Extension‌</strong>: In the computer field, Terminal also refers to the input and output devices connected to the computer, such as smart terminals (with processors) or dumb terminals (without processors). </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Types of Terminals? </h2> <h3> 1) ‌Classification by Form‌ </h3> <p> <strong>‌Terminals‌</strong>: Include single-hole, double-hole, sockets, hooks, and other types, which are commonly found in the electrical field and require screwdrivers and other tools to fix the wires. </p> <p> <strong>‌Electrical Terminals‌</strong>: Used for impedance matching at the end of the transmission line (such as terminal resistance) to prevent distortion or power loss caused by signal reflection. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) ‌Classification by Material‌ </h3> <p> ‌Mainly made of metal, such as silver-plated copper, zinc-plated copper, aluminum, etc., taking into account conductivity and cost optimization. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are Terminals Used for? </h2> <p> <strong>‌Industrial Circuits‌</strong>: Simplify equipment structure, reduce wiring complexity, and reduce production costs. </p> <p> <strong>‌Communication System‌</strong>: As a transmission line terminal device (such as a coaxial cable terminator), ensure signal integrity. </p> <p> <strong>‌Modular Design‌</strong>: Used in conjunction with connectors and plug-ins to achieve pluggable maintenance and expansion of equipment. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. What are the Differences between Terminals and the other Components? </h2> <p> ‌<strong>Relationship with Connectors‌</strong>: The terminal is the core component of the connector, usually wrapped by a plastic shell (Housing), and the metal terminal is responsible for conduction. </p> <p>   </p> <p> <strong>‌Difference from Connectors‌</strong>: Connectors focus on tool-free quick plugging and unplugging, and terminals need to be fixed by tools, mostly used in high-power scenarios. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. Inspection and Selection of Terminals </h2> <p> <strong>‌Inspection Equipment‌</strong>: Commonly used tools microscopes and optical imagers ensure accuracy, and pay attention to parameters such as contact resistance and insulation resistance. </p> <p> <strong>‌Selection Basis‌</strong>: Select materials (conductivity), structures (installation methods), and environmental adaptability (corrosion resistance, temperature range) based on actual needs. </p> <p>

<h1> USB, DVI, HDMI Connectors </h1> <h2> 1. What are USB, DVI, HDMI Connectors? </h2> <p> USB, DVI, and HDMI connectors are mainly used for signal transmission and power supply between computers and audio and video devices, with diverse interface forms and technical standards. They interconnect devices through physical ports, and characteristic parameters include connector type, number of contacts, male and female end design, installation method, rated current/voltage, etc. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 2. What are the Types and Technical Characteristics of USB, DVI, HDMI Connectors? </h2> <h3> 1) ‌USB Connector‌ </h3> <p> ‌Interface Type‌ </p> <p> <strong>Type-A</strong>: Standard rectangular interface, widely used in computers, chargers, and other devices, supports USB 1.1 to 3.2 standards, and the transmission rate is increased from 12 Mbps to 20 Gbps. </p> <p> <strong>Type-B</strong>: Square interface, commonly used in devices such as printers, providing stable data transmission. </p> <p> <strong>Type-C</strong>: Symmetrical design, supports forward and reverse plugging, integrated USB4 standard (40 Gbps), and PD fast charging protocol. </p> <p> <strong>Micro/Small Interface</strong>: such as Micro-USB, used in mobile devices. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 2) ‌DVI Connector‌ </h3> <p> ‌Version Type‌ </p> <p> <strong>DVI-A</strong>: Transmits only analog signals and is compatible with VGA devices. </p> <p> <strong>DVI-D</strong>: Pure digital signal transmission, supports 1920×1200@60Hz resolution. </p> <p> <strong>DVI-I</strong>: Compatible with analog and digital signals, suitable for multiple scenarios. </p> <p> <strong>Limitations</strong>: Does not support audio transmission, gradually replaced by HDMI/DP interface. </p> <p>   </p> <h3> 3) ‌HDMI Connector‌ </h3> <p> ‌Mainstream Specifications‌ </p> <p> <strong>HDMI 2.0</strong>: Supports 4K@60Hz and HDR. </p> <p> <strong>HDMI 2.1</strong>: Bandwidth increased to 48 Gbps, supports 8K@60Hz and 4K@120Hz high refresh rates. </p> <p> <strong>Interface Form</strong>: includes standard HDMI, Mini-HDMI, and Micro-HDMI, adapting to different device sizes. </p> <p> <strong>‌Advantages‌</strong>: Synchronous transmission of audio and video signals, simplifying wiring complexity. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 3. What are the Hardware Design Features of USB, DVI, HDMI Connectors? </h2> <p> <strong>‌Male and Female End Distinction‌</strong>: The male end is a raised needle design, and the female end is a groove hole design to ensure the safety of unidirectional current transmission. </p> <p> <strong>‌Structural Parameters‌</strong>: Including shielding layer design (such as HDMI copper foil shielding), terminal gold plating process (improving corrosion resistance), etc. </p> <p> <strong>‌Installation Method‌</strong>: including various types such as onboard welding, panel fixing, and direct cable connection. </p> <p>   </p> <h2> 4. What are USB, DVI, HDMI Connectors Used for? </h2> <table> <tbody> <tr class="firstRow"> <td width="125" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Connector Type </p> </td> <td width="201" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Applicable Scenarios </p> </td> <td width="242" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Case Equipment </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="125" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌USB </p> </td> <td width="201" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Peripheral Connection </p> </td> <td width="242" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Keyboard, USB flash drive, Mobile phone charging </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="125" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌DVI </p> </td> <td width="201" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Monitor Interconnection </p> </td> <td width="242" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Old graphics card, Office monitor </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="125" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌HDMI </p> </td> <td width="201" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> High-definition audio and video transmission </p> </td> <td width="242" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> TV, Game console, Projector </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>   </p> <h2> 5. Key Parameter Comparison </h2> <table> <tbody> <tr class="firstRow"> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> Parameter </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> USB 3.2 </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> DVI-D dual channel </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext; background: rgb(190, 190, 190);"> <p> HDMI 2.1 </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:36px"> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Transmission Rate </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> 20Gbps </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> 7.92Gbps </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> 48Gbps </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:37px"> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌Resolution </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> - </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> 2560×1600@60Hz </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> 8K@60Hz </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Audio Support </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> No (Alt Mode needs to be integrated) </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> No </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> Yes </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:34px"> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> ‌Power Transmission </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> 100W (PD Protocol) </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> - </p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"> <p> - </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>   </p> <h2> 6. Industry Dynamics of USB, DVI, HDMI Connectors </h2> <p> <strong>‌USB4 Popularization‌</strong>: Integrate the Thunderbolt 3 protocol to promote high-speed data transmission and multi-screen expansion. </p> <p> <strong>‌HDMI 2.1 Adaptation‌</strong>: E-sports monitors and 8K TVs are accelerating the adoption of this standard. </p> <p> <strong>‌Interface Replacement Trend‌</strong>: DVI gradually withdraws from the consumer electronics market, and HDMI/DP achieves high-definition compatibility. </p> <p>